What Is Oshino Hakkai Famous For? How To Visit It And More 

BY  Sibashree Mar 31, 2026

A trip to Nara was long overdue, and as the first permanent capital of the country, it is a must-visit.  Furthermore, this Japanese capital, before 794 AD (then Kyoto became the capital), has many UNESCO World Heritage Sites.  The Todai-ji Temple is the most famous among these 8 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. You will find one of the largest Buddha statues in the country here, and the statue is made of bronze.  Of course, the deer roaming in the city are beautiful, and you feel like getting transported to a bygone era.  It reminded me of one of the most famous literary works in our country, Shakuntalam Abhigyan, an immortal love story between King Dushyanta and Shakuntala, written by Kalidasa in Sanskrit.  Also, this is a place that will ask you to come back, and most people plan a day trip to experience its historical charm and natural beauty.  But, smitten by its beauty, I chose a 2-day trip, and here is the list of things to do in Nara. Also, I will discuss how I can get to Nara.  How To Reach Nara?  Nara is easily accessible from Kyoto, which is also famous for its history and cherry blossom season.  You can also visit Nara from the Osaka prefecture. So, overall, a visit to Nara can fit well into your itinerary of visiting the Kansai region of Japan.   Also, the robust railway system of Japan makes it easy and budget-friendly to visit Nara. A Japan Railway Regional Pass will be the best for traveling across Nara, Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe, and the entire Kansai Region.  Also, when in Osaka, don’t forget to explore the street food stalls and have the best Osaka food, including Mochis and seafood delicacies.  Here is how you can travel from Kyoto to Nara. 1. Traveling From Kyoto To Nara Through The JR Nara Line You will get an express train or a local train from Kyoto to Nara every hour.  Furthermore, if you opt for the Miyakoji Rapid Service on this line, you will reach Nara within 45 minutes, and the ticket price will be 720 JPY.  Also, the local train services, with the same ticket price, will take about 70 minutes.  Once you reach the JR Nara station, you will get buses to the Nara Park and other top attractions in Nara.  2. Take The Kintetsu Railway To Reach Nara From Kyoto This is the most convenient way to reach Nara from Kintetsu Railway Station.  The train journey is the fastest, and the journey takes about 35 minutes by the express trains, and the ticket price is 1280 JPY.  Also, the regular trains take about 45 minutes to complete the journey. The ticket price is 760 JPY.  What Are The Things To Do In Nara?  From a visit to the Nara Park to exploring Heijo Palace and the temples, there are many things to do in Nara.  Here are the things I did during my 2-day stay.  1. Day 1 In Nara: Exploring The Nara Park  With deer passing by, Nara Park, the home to the main attractions in Nara, is a place you cannot simply miss.  The park is free to enter, and it remains open for 24 hours.  However, many attractions in the park close after 5 PM. So, you have to be early when visiting it.  Also, here are the attractions you will come across in the Nara Park, along with the deer passing by.  • Kasuga Taisha One of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Nara, Kasuga Taisha, takes us back to the Nara Period from 710 to 794 AD.  It is the most revered shrine among the Fujiwara clan as the tutelary shrine.  Furthermore, the main attraction of the shrine is the “Hall of Lanterns.” There, I saw many bronze lanterns illuminating the darkness.  During the special festivals, Setsubun Mantoro in February and Chugen Mantoro in August, all these lanterns are lit.  Moreover, you will find a cider tree in the inner shrine, and it is 1000 years old.  • Mt. Wakakusa I took the back road from Kasuga Taisha on the way to the Todai-Ji temple.  I came across many small shrines there. However, the highlight was Mt. Wakakusa.  This hill between the two shrines has a height of 350 meters. Also, on the 4th Saturday of January, it becomes the venue for the Wakakusa Yamayaki celebration.  People burn dead grass on the slopes, and this is a ritual that has been celebrated since the 18th century.  • Todai-Ji Todai-Ji is another UNESCO World Heritage Site, and one of the “Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara.” It was built in 752 AD, and it was the head of all the temples in the province. It even had a strong influence on the royal family.  In fact, with Todai-Ji being the seat of control even in the royal decisions, the emperor decided to move the capital to Nagaoka in 784 AD.  However, the main attraction of the Todai-Ji Temple is the massive Buddha statue, or Daibutsu.   A depiction of Dainichi Nyorai,  it represents the primordial Buddha in the orthodox East Asian Buddhist philosophy.  You will also find two similarly sized Bodhisattva statues here.  However, the temple and statues you see today were burned down, and they were rebuilt during the Edo period (1603–1868).  2. Things To Do In Nara: Day 2 I visited the Heijo Palace and many other temples of Nara on day 2.  • Visiting The Heijo Palace  When Nara was the capital, the Heijo Palace was the seat of power for the chrysanthemum throne.  It had a dimension of 1 kilometer, considering the other palaces and architecture of that time.  However, the remains of this UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nara are now at the Toshodai-ji Temple, nearby.  However, since the 1950s, archaeologists have been studying the remains of the Heijo Palace, and this has evoked further public interest.  That is why you can now see many placards there and read about the history and legacy of the site.  Moreover, the audience hall and two other parts of the palace were rebuilt. The restoration of the largest part, the audience hall, happened in 2010.  It was an ode to the 1300th anniversary of Nara as the capital of Japan.  • Toshodai-Ji As I have mentioned, the Toshodai-ji Temple has the remains of the Heijo Palace.  This temple dates back at least a millennium. Ganji, a Chinese monk, built this temple in 759 AD.  Monk Ganji brought Buddhism to Japan, and the Toshodai-Ji today is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  • Yakushi-Ji It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and people here worship Lord Buddha as Yakushi Nyorai or the Medicine Buddha.  The dual main halls here have unique architecture, and each has a dedicated 3-story pagoda.  • Horyu-ji  Horyu-Ji is older than most temples in the Nara region, and Prince Shotoku founded it in 607.  Furthermore, this UNESCO World Heritage Site stands out with its wooden edifices, which are some of the oldest in Japan. This time, I missed many attractions such as Asuka, Omiwa Shrine, and Mount Yoshino. Some day for sure!  And till then, Sayōnara, guys!

BY  Sibashree Oct 24, 2025

You know what’s so special about visiting quaint and offbeat places? These are the places to make quirky and personal connections.  Jaffna has not been an exception. Let me share a story! It was exploring the Jaffna Public Market. An old lady jokingly refused to sell a tourist a kilo of dried fish. She said, “You don’t look like someone who appreciates the smell of sun-dried fish!” By the end, she laughed and gave him a small bundle for free. The whole thing was so warm. An old lady, who is probably talking to a person for the first time, is very cordial in her behavior. You will not get this shopping experience in any shopping mall or supermarket. Another highlight was when a priest offered me some sweets at the Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil. There were hundreds of visitors, and I don’t know why he came up to me and offered the sweets. He said, “For you, even if you are a stranger, my blessings are for you!” I had tears in my eyes. With moments like this, Jaffna will always remain one of the most beautiful places in the world. It’s not just about the scenic beauty, but the warmth and inclusivity.  In addition, the recent inauguration of the International Cricket Stadium at Mandaitivu Island will be a new landmark of the city. With a capacity of 40000 spectators, it will promote national integrity and more tourism through sports.  Here, I will talk about how to reach Jaffna, the places to visit, the safety quotient, cultural exploration, and more! Keep reading this Jaffna, Sri Lanka travel guide.  You can also follow our Jaffna travel itinerary to plan your trip better.  Cultural Exploration In Jaffna, Sri Lanka: Why Is It So Special? The origin of Jaffna’s name takes us back to its Tamilian roots. There was a blind musician called Yalpanan who used to play an instrument called Yal. Thus, the place got its name as Yalpanam or Yalpanapattinam, meaning the Port of the Iyre.  Furthermore, the historical evidence suggests that Tamil Presence here dates back to at least 300 B.C. Archaeological sites such as Pomparippu are a telltale of the Tamilian presence.  Jaffna was the capital of the Jaffna Kingdom in the medieval days before European colonization happened here.  Moreover, thanks to the Tamilian culture in Jaffna, in recent times, it has become a favorite destination of Indian travelers. A Tour and Travel World report suggests a 325% increase in the searches among Indian travelers.  Direct accessibility to Jaffna from various parts of South India via flights is another reason why Jaffna is so popular among Indian tourists.  You will get flights to Jaffna from cities such as Hyderabad, Thiruvananthapuram, Madurai, and Chennai.  Top 10 Unknown Cultural Things About Jaffna, Sri Lanka 1. Traditional Tamil musical performances during temple festivals.2. Unique Jaffna-style architecture in homes and temples.3. Palmyrah palm-based crafts and products.4. Indigenous Tamil martial arts demonstrations.5. Local storytelling traditions passed down orally.6. Community-led cultural tours and workshops.7. Traditional Tamil wedding customs.8. Seasonal harvest festivals like Thai Pongal.9. Local folklore and legends tied to historical sites.10. Ancient Tamil inscriptions found in temple ruins. Food Culture And Culinary Tours In Jaffna, Sri Lanka  View this post on Instagram A post shared by Kandy Bites by Chef Ceylon (@kandy_bites_) Jaffna cuisine is known for its spicy flavors and unique Tamil dishes. Popular items include Jaffna crab curry, Kool (seafood soup), Odiyal Kool, and Palmyrah jaggery sweets.  Food tours in Jaffna offer cooking classes, market visits, and traditional meal experiences with local families. However, the traditional delicacies of Jaffna tell the stories of the tradition, history, and resilience of Northern Sri Lanka. In addition, Jaffna City, in recent times, has played an important part in changing the food trends of the country and ensuring a lesser reliance on expensive imports.  The increased use of Palmyrah jaggery, palmyrah flour, or even palmyrah vinegar, typical Jaffna ingredients, in Colombian food is an example of how Jaffna is emerging as a crucial destination in the country's food landscape.  Colombo, in fact, now has a Kaachai Varai or Jaffna Market from where seafood, spices, and other ingredients are sourced. This endeavor supports the local fishermen, farmers, and producers.  Moreover, Jaffna is an important location for hands-on culinary tours in northeastern Sri Lanka. For example, celebrated Australian chef Peter Kuruvita conducts a culinary tour in the northeast part of Sri Lanka, and Jaffna is one of the destinations.  On this tour, you will get to know about the art of cooking in clay pots over an open fire. Overall, getting familiar with the local food is one of the top cultural things to do in Jaffna Sri Lanka.  A 3-Day Culinary Tourism Itinerary In Jaffna View this post on Instagram A post shared by ALIYAA (@aliyaa_kl) It’s time to experience the eclectic nature of Jaffna food, where Tamilian, Muslim, and European influences have merged. Here is a 3-day culinary tourism itinerary in Jaffna.  DaysActivitiesDay 1• Arrival in Jaffna and checking in• Having Jaffna-style idiyappam with coconut sambol and mutton gravy• Exploring the Jaffna Market, a gold mine of dried fish and palmyrah jaggery, tamarind, and spices unique to the region.• Trying palm treacle sweets, vadai, and murukkuDay 2• Having Jaffna crab curry or nandu kool (crab soup) with red rice• Pairing the food with poriyal and rasamDay 3• Visit Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil and try nelli juice or Indian gooseberry drink• Booking an Airbnb or a local guide experience and learning to cook pittu, prawn curry, and other local delicacies If you want to extend your culinary tour in Jaffna, you can plan a day trip to Delft Island, where you will find the best coconut toddy and island-style seafood delicacies. Also, you can attend a palmyrah tapping demonstration or explore the northernmost markets in Point Pedro.  A 5-Day History-Focused Itinerary In Jaffna View this post on Instagram A post shared by VIEW LANKA TOURS (@viewlankatour) Mentioned in the ancient Tamil scripture as Naga Nadu, or the land of the Nagas, Jaffna has been ruled by the Pandya, Chola, and Rajarata kingdoms. Later, it also became a colony of the Portuguese and British.  Here are the historical places in Jaffna to see within a 5-day travel itinerary.  DaysActivitiesDay 1• Arrive in Jaffna from Colombo by car or train• Checking into the hotel• Breakfast with traditional Tamil food• Visiting the Jaffna Fort (1618)• Lunch• Visiting the Jaffna Public Library• Walking along the Jaffna Lagoon waterfront near the Dutch Fort AreaDay 2• Breakfast and a visit to Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil• Visiting the Minister’s House or Manthiri Manai• Lunch• A drive to Keerimalai Springs and Naguleswaram Temple• Return to Jaffna TownDay 3• Travel north to Dambakolapatuna Temple, at a distance of 35 km• Lunch and exploring Kankesanthurai• Visiting the 2000-year-old site of Kandarodai (Kadurugoda) Buddhist Monastery• Visiting the St. Mary’s CathedralDay 4• Taking an early ferry to Delft Island (Neduntheevu) from Kurikadduwan Jetty.• Visiting the Delft Fort (Portuguese-Dutch) ruins, Queen’s Tower lighthouse, and Baobab Tree• Spotting the wild ponies• Having local seafood for lunch• A ferry ride to Nainativu Island and spotting places like the Nagapooshani Amman Kovil and Nagadeepa Viharaya• Return to JaffnaDay 5• Breakfast and visiting the Chunnakam Market• Visiting the Jaffna Archaeological Museum• Visiting Point Pedro and attractions such as the Old lighthouse• Farewell dinner A 5-Day Cultural Itinerary In Jaffna Attending the Palmyrah workshop was a memorable event in my Jaffna tour. Also, Point Pedro, the northernmost part, offered the most culturally vivid experience. DaysActivitiesDay 1• Arrival in Jaffna• Exploring the Jaffna Public Library after breakfast• Walking through the Old Park• Exploring Jaffna Fort• Visiting Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil in the eveningDay 2• Visiting Point Pedro Market• Driving to the Palmyrah Handicraft Centre• Having a home-style Tamil Meal• Visiting Manthiri Manai (Minister’s Palace) and Sangilean Thoppu, believed to be the remains of the ancient Jaffna Kingdom’s royal complex.• Attending a Bharatanatyam or Naddu Koothu performanceDay 3• A ferry ride from Kurikadduwan Jetty to Nainativu Island (Nagadeepa)• Visiting Nagapooshani Amman Kovil (Hindu temple) and Nagadeepa Viharaya (Buddhist temple)• Trip to Delft Island (Neduntheevu)• Exploring colonial ruins: the Delft Fort, Queen’s Tower, and Baobab Tree• Ferry ride to JaffnaDay 4• Having kothu roti and Sombol for breakfast• Visiting St. Mary’s Cathedral and Ariyalai Hindu Temple• A visit to the Jaffna Archaeological Museum• Exploring the Chavakachcheri Heritage Houses• Taking part in a home-cooking demonstration with a local familyDay 5• Attending a Palmyrah workshop• Visiting the Kandarodai (Kadurugoda) Buddhist Monastery• Exploring Keerimalai Springs and Naguleswaram Temple• Seafood meal• Shopping in the afternoon Cultural Etiquettes For Foreign Tourists Tourists should dress modestly, especially when visiting the temples in Jaffna.  Shoes must be removed before entering religious sites.  Photography should be respectful, and permission should be sought when capturing images of locals or ceremonies. Must Visit Destinations In Jaffna, Sri Lanka If you want the best cultural and historical experience in Jaffna, don’t miss a visit to the following places.  1. Nallur Kandaswamy Temple Nallur Kandaswamy Temple is the cultural and spiritual epicenter of Jaffna. Dedicated to Lord Murugan, it shows a unique Dravidian-style architecture. Also, the Nallur Kandaswamy Temple festival in July-August attracts a lot of visitors.  2. Jaffna Fort Built by the Portuguese in 1618, the fort is an example of quintessential European military architecture, and it was later occupied by the Dutch.  It overlooks the Jaffna Lagoon, and it is a favorite of photo enthusiasts.  3. Delft Island View this post on Instagram A post shared by Audrey Potvin (@audreypotvin) A popular day-trip destination, Delft Island in the Jaffna Peninsula is known for its Dutch remnants, and it is a great place for spotting ponies.  4. Casuarina Beach As the person in charge of our hostel said, I visited the Casuarina Beach after 5 PM. He said, “The quiet at the beach just before sunset is something unbelievable.” I experienced the magic.  The birds were coming home, and the soft white sand, like a blank canvas, was changing colors every second.  5. Keerimalai Springs Located by the sea, the Keerimalai Springs and Keerimalai Naguleswaram Temple are a unique combination of spirituality and scenic beauty.  The water of these springs has healing properties.  6. Point Pedro View this post on Instagram A post shared by Meerza Iqbal (@meerzaiqbal) Point Pedro has a historic lighthouse, and it is the northernmost tip of Sri Lanka. Furthermore, it has the most vibrant markets for buying fresh seafood produce.  Here, you can also meet the fishermen and have an understanding of their unique ways of living in Point Pedro, as it has the most beautiful beaches in Jaffna.  7. Jaffna Library Tragically destroyed in 1981, the newly built Jaffna Library stands as the symbol of resilience. It is one of the most revered libraries in Asia, and it was first built by the Jaffna Town Development Board on 1st January 1935.  It has a collection of 844 books, 30 magazines, and newspapers.  8. Nagadeepa Vihara View this post on Instagram A post shared by Thambu Illam~Hotel in Jaffna🌴 (@thambu_illam) Nagadeepa Vihara is the place where Lord Buddha visited for the second time. He also ended the dispute between two Naga Kings fighting over the ownership of an ornate throne.  Mahodara and Chulodara, these two Naga kings, became devoted followers of Lord Buddha.  9. Manthiri Manai View this post on Instagram A post shared by FOX Resorts (@foxresorts) Manthiri Manai, or the Minister’s Mansion, stands out thanks to its unique Indo-Islamic and European architecture. Located at a distance of just 1 km from Point Pedro, Manthiri Manai is an archaeologically protected site, and it is said to be the residence of the minister of the medieval Jaffna Kingdom.  How To Reach Jaffna, Sri Lanka? Bandaranaike International Airport in Colombo is the gateway for Jaffna to the rest of the world. From there, you can take a flight to the Jaffna International Airport. Buses and trains are also available from Colombo to Jaffna.  I took the Jaffna train from Colombo Fort. The journey is scenic. However, I remember the 7-8-hour journey for the social experience. People are talking about cricket, sharing coconuts, or humming local tunes.  However, buses departing every 3-4 hours from Colombo to Jaffna are the cheapest option. The ticket price starts at around 1,348.26 Sri Lankan Rupee.  Top Hotels, Resorts, And Stays In Jaffna, Sri Lanka  1. Jetwing Jaffna – Centrally located with modern amenities and rooftop dining.2. North Gate by Jetwing – Offers luxury accommodations near the railway station.3. Subhas Hotel – Historic hotel with spacious rooms and traditional cuisine.4. Thambu Illam – Boutique guesthouse with cultural ambiance.5. Green Grass Hotel & Restaurant – Budget-friendly with local food options. 10 Sustainable And Ethical Travel Tips For Jaffna Sri Lanka 1. Support local businesses and artisans.2. Use refillable water bottles.3. Avoid single-use plastics.4. Respect cultural norms and dress modestly.5. Participate in community-led tours.6. Stay in eco-friendly accommodations.7. Minimize energy and water usage.8. Avoid disturbing wildlife.9. Learn basic Tamil phrases.10. Share positive travel experiences to promote responsible tourism. Jaffna Nightlife And Evening Activities The nightlife in Jaffna is about rejuvenation and introspection. This is the best time of the day to attend temple rituals, enjoy local dining experiences, and attend cultural performances.  Furthermore, Evening walks along the beach and exploring the markets are some delightful experiences in the evening. Best Seasons To Visit Jaffna, Sri Lanka The best time to visit Jaffna is from December to March. You must avoid the monsoon season from October to November due to heavy rains.  Festivals like Thai Pongal in January offer cultural immersion opportunities. Also, July-August is the month of the Nallur Kandaswamy Temple festival.  Budget And Affordability For A 7 Day Travel Vacation in Jaffna, Sri Lanka Jaffna is a budget-friendly destination. You will get diverse food, transportation, and accommodation options. The entry fees to the museums and cultural places are also quite reasonable.  Furthermore, the travel expenses will depend on the type of traveler. Here is a quick breakdown. Types of TravelerExpenses (Approximately)Solo Traveler$300–$400Couple$600–$800Family of 4$1000–$1200 Crime Rates And Safety Tips For Tourists Jaffna is a safe place to travel. The crime rate in different aspects is low to moderate, and here are some essential data (Source: Numbeo) related to crime in Jaffna.  Crime Index46.64Safety Index53.36Level of Crime50:00Armed Robbery35.71Things from Car Stolen46.43 Is Visiting An Off-Beat Location Like Jaffna Worth It? Yes, Jaffna is a must-visit destination to experience the rawness and cultural richness of Northern Sri Lanka. It is a budget-friendly destination with a Tamil origin and a colonial past.  Furthermore, food here is an extension of who the people are. Simple and soulful! Also, the Jaffna tells the story of human resilience and how it has survived a war-torn past! Jaffna Travel Guide: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Here are the frequently asked questions and answers about the Jaffna travel guide. 1. How Many Days Are Enough In Jaffna? Three to four days are enough if you want to explore the major cultural and historical sites. However, if you want to explore the local markets and have a deep cultural connection with the local people, you will need at least 5 to 7 days.  2. Which Part Of Sri Lanka Is Most Beautiful? I cannot pick any particular part of Sri Lanka as the most beautiful, as it has the ancient rock fortress of Sigiriya, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. On the other hand, Kandy, a significant religious hub, is a popular tourist destination.However, Jaffna in northern Sri Lanka stands out with its spiritual vibe, history, and cultural richness. It is a coastal destination with a diverse tourism profile. 3. What Language Is Spoken In Jaffna?  Tamil is spoken in Jaffna. However, it is a little different from the Tamil language spoken in India. The Tamil language here is heavily impacted by the Jaffna dialect.  Read Also: Luang Prabang Travel Guide: Why I Loved It? (Activities, Attractions, History, Itinerary, And More) Cheapest Places To Travel Around The World In 2025: Traveling On A Shoestring Learn All About the Best Solo Trip in India Right Here!

BY  Sibashree Apr 21, 2026

Anuradhapura is a part of the Golden Triangle of Sri Lanka along with the Dambulla Royal Cave Enclave, Polonnaruwa, and Sigiriya Rock Fortress.  Furthermore, the Sacred City of Anuradhapura, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was built from the “cutting of a Bodhi Tree” or the “Tree of Enlightenment.”  Before 993, when it was abandoned due to an invasion, it was the political and religious capital of Ceylon, the previous name for Sri Lanka.  Also, if Jaffna attracted me with its Tamil Culture and Hindu Temples, Anuradhapura was a great calling because it was the first place to adopt Buddhism outside India, the country I belong to.  Moreover, Jetavanaramaya, the early 4th-century BCE Stupa, was once the “third-largest man-made building in the world,” with an original height of 122 meters.  However, while the Jetavanaramaya Stupa continues to evoke awe with its grandeur and mystery, the other ruins and remains of Anuradhapura also wait to tell you the history and cultural richness of the region.  So, here is a brief discussion on the places I visited in Anuradhapura.  What Are The Places To Visit In Anuradhapura?  I was staying in a guest house near the Sacred City of Anuradhapura. I rented a bicycle from my guest house for LKR 500, and I took the back route as the staff in the guesthouse guided me.  Off the main road, the cycling experience was beautiful, and I loved spotting the roaming peacocks and little children waving at me.  Beyond the charming views and ambiance, I noticed one more thing. In Anuradhapura, the past and the present walk side by side.  There have been no evictions of the locals in the name of preserving or promoting the ancient ruins and remains in a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  Nevertheless, after talking to the local children for a while, I reached the entrance of the Anuradhapura Sacred City. The entry fee was around 9500 LKR or INR 2800.  However, remember that the ticket includes archaeological sites such as Jetavanaramaya, Abhayagiriya, Ruwanwelisaya, and Thuparamaya. So, if you want to explore other sites such as the Isurumuniya Viharaya, you will need to pay separate fees.  Nevertheless, these are the places I visited in Anuradhapura.  “This sacred city was established around a cutting from the 'tree of enlightenment', the Buddha's fig tree, brought there in the 3rd century B.C. by Sanghamitta, the founder of an order of Buddhist nuns.  Anuradhapura, a Ceylonese political and religious capital that flourished for 1,300 years, was abandoned after an invasion in 993.  Hidden away in dense jungle for many years, the splendid site, with its palaces, monasteries, and monuments, is now accessible once again.” - UNESCO World Heritage Convention.  1. Abhayagiri Vihara Stupa Complex The Abhayagiri Vihara Gargantuan Stupa is magnificent, and the brick stupa creates a contrast against the bright blue sky and the lush greenery of Anuradhapura.  King Vattagamani Abhaya or Valagamba founded this Stupa in the first century BCE. This prominent center of Mahayana Buddhism remains an active place of worship.  Also known as the Northern Monastery or Uttara Vihara, it changed the course of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by deviating from the monolithic tradition of Theravada Buddhism.  Moreover, the Abhayagiri Vihara Stupa is the first Stupa in Sri Lanka to house the tooth relic of Buddha.  Also, the Abhayagiri Dagoba or Stupa at the epicenter of the Abhayagiri Vihara Complex is one of the largest stupas in Sri Lanka.  The Structure And Architecture Of The Abhayagiri Vihara Apart from the Stupa or Dagoba, most parts of the Abhayagiri Vihara are in ruins. There were living houses for the monks and students, libraries, dinner halls, and meeting halls surrounding the Stupa.  Here is a detailed overview of the structures as I saw them. However, the heat will be scorching, and you will find langur monkeys roaming around.  So, try to be there by 6 AM, when the gates open, or after 4 PM. The Sacred City remains open till 8 PM. However, it will take you around an entire day if you want to explore the major ruins of the Anuradhapura Sacred City. The Dagoba Or The Stupa  The Stupa or Dagoba in the Abhayagiri Vihara is in a well-preserved condition. The massive bell-shaped structure of the stupa has a height of around 120 meters, and at its widest, the circumference is close to 350 meters.  The dome, made of brick and lime mortar, has four entrances, and you will find a Devatakotuva or a cylindrical spire and Hataraskotuva or a square-shaped structure as the crowns of the Stupa.  Image Houses, Refectories, And Sub Shrines  I saw the remains of various refectories, image houses, living complexes, and sub-shrines around the stupa.  Among the smaller stupas, the Indikatu Seya and Silasobbhakandaka Cetiya are the most common.  Meeting Halls The remains of the meeting halls or Uposathagharas have been found in the complex.  These Uposathagharas were multi-storied, and Ratnaprasadaya or the jewel mansion was most prominent among them.  Congregation Hall The Sannipatasala, or the congregation hall near the southern entrance of the stupa, is the largest hall in the complex.  The image of Nagaraja, or the king of snakes, or Virupaksha, the protector of the Western Direction, was found in this congregation hall, which is now in ruins.  You can see this image at the Abhayagiri Museum.  Abhisheka Mandapa Or Anointing Pavilion The Abhisheka Mandapa had a stepped entrance, and people believe it to be the place where the statues of Lord Buddha and other Bodhisattvas were consecrated.  Some even consider this the bathing house or Snanghara.  Stone Slabs  Many stone slabs with inscriptions in Nagari Script have been found in this site.  Again, there are two moon stones in Anuradhapura, and one was found at the Queen’s Pavilion and the other at Mahasena’s Palace.  These moon stones are significant features of Buddhist stupas or shrines, as these semi-circular stone structures depict the Buddhist Samasara.  The Dining Room The dining room or hall of the Abhayagiri Vihara has a stone-clad trough, and it is ideal for storing or serving rice that could feed 5000 monks.  Furthermore, there was a dining area, hearths, underground channels, grinding stones, and a sundial in the site Faxian or Fa-Hien described as the dining hall.  The dining hall also has two courtyards.  The Bodhi Tree Shrine The Bodhi Tree Shrine, or the Bodhighara is a subsidiary shrine of the Abhayagiri Stupa. As a token of Buddha’s enlightenment, Sanghamitta, a Buddhist nun from India, brought saplings of the Bodhi Tree.  She planted the saplings in Abhayagiri, and many patrons built small aediculae-like shrines around these trees.  These sub-shrines had images of Lord Buddha in a meditative or Samadhi posture and his footprints.  Moreover, excavation of Buddha statues took place in the Bodhighara sites, and one of them is from the 3rd century BCE, and these resemble the sculptures of the great Gupta dynasty in India.  You can visit the Anuradhapura Archaeological Museum if you want to see these Buddha statues. The Ponds  The tanks and reservoirs near the living quarters were the main sources of water for the complex.  However, water in these reservoirs or tanks came from the Kuttam Pokana or Twin Ponds to the far east of the Stupa.  Moreover, these rectangular ponds were built by Aggabodhi I in the 6th or 7th century CE, and they have shallow ridges, and the inner walls are made of polished stone.  However, for me, the most fascinating thing was the stone slab with the motif of a hooded cobra.  Also, this hooded cobra or Naga establishes a deep connection with India, as Nagas and water have deep connections in Indian mythology.  As I walked further, I came across the Elephant Pond or Eth Pokuna. It is the largest artificial tank in Sri Lanka, and it is the main water supply for all the tanks and reservoirs in the Vihara Complex.  Here also, I noticed a depiction of a hooded cobra on a stone slab.  At the end of exploring the Abhayagiri Vihara Stupa Complex, I must tell you that you must read a little about the place before a visit.  Otherwise, it will be difficult for you to catch up when the guide shares the details.  2. Jethawanaramaya Stupa You will also find the Jetavanaramaya Stupa in the Sacred City of Anuradhapura. It was one of the largest man-made structures in the world, and it ranked only after the Great Pyramids of Giza.  The original height of this structure was 122 meters, and after restoration, the height is now 71 meters.  The stupa, built by King Mahasena in the 3rd Century AD, is a part of a large Jetavana Vihara complex that used to house around 200 monks. Also, like the Abhayagiri Vihara, it has a brick architecture.  This once again indicates how ancient Anuradhapura was a hub of brick production. In fact, Ruwanwelisaya, the most sacred stupa of the country inside the Anuradhapura Sacred City Complex, also had a brick architecture.  However, for the recent restoration, they used cement in the outer layer of the stupa.  Moreover, massive excavation works have taken place in the Sacred City of Anuradhapura, and the gold panels showing the imagery of the Bodhisattva and the partial inscriptions of the Prajñāpāramitā Sutra.  Now, Prajñāpāramitā Sutra is the foundational text of Mahayana Buddhism. This shows how the Jethawanaramaya Stupa was the hub of different Buddhist thoughts and schools. However, you can see these gold panels now at the Colombo Museum.  Also, I came to know about another fascinating thing from a monk here, that the stupa used to have a diamond in the crown. It used to turn aside lightning during the monsoon season.  3. The Gleaming White Ruwanwelisaya Stupa  The Ruwanwelisaya Stupa is most famous among the locals and followers of Buddhism.  Now, unlike the Ritigala Forest Monastery, the Ruwanwelisaya Stupa or the other stupas in the complex are live hubs of Buddhist practices.  Also, the Ruwanwelisaya Stupa is especially famous for housing the remains of Lord Buddha.  Originally, the Ruwanwelisaya Stupa was much smaller than the Jethawanaramaya Stupa. However, thanks to continuous maintenance, it now stands at a height of 100 meters.  Now, this was my experience in the ancient ruins of Anuradhapura. If you want to explore more, you can visit the Kaudulla National Park, at a distance of less than 2 hours, and the Hurulu Eco Park, at a distance of 1 hour and 50 minutes.   Location And How To Reach Anuradhapura?  Anuradhapura City is located on the banks of the Malwathu Oya. It is the capital of the central-west region of Sri Lanka and the district of Anuradhapura.  Anuradhapura is a 4-hour journey from Colombo and Kandy.  Once I explored the top attractions in Kandy, I took a minivan, which cost me LKR 1600. Now, you will also get private and public buses.  However, I had luggage and wanted to keep the schedule flexible. So, I chose the minivan.  Things To Remember For A Trip To Anuradhapura The Sun is merciless in Anuradhapura, even if you visit the Sacred City in winter. It becomes unbearable past 11 AM.  So, you have to really start early.  Also, carry water and wear full-sleeve clothes to maintain the dignity of the place and protect your skin from the Sun.  Moreover, as I have mentioned, visiting a place like Anuradhapura demands preparation. So, study well and have basic ideas about these stupas beforehand.