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Do The Sand Dunes Come Alive At Kobuk Valley National Park?
BY Sibashree Sep 11, 2024
Kobuk Valley National Park is surreal! Have you ever thought to meet sand dunes in the Arctic Circle? The unique geology of the park makes it possible. That’s not all! The Great Kobuk sand dunes stand here, along with the remains of the North American continental glaciers. Three of the sand dunes in this national park are active or alive. The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, Hunt River Dunes, and Little Kobuk Sand Dunes here cover a mesmerizing 20,000 acres of area in the park.  Today, hiking through these dunes is one of the most popular activities in the Kobuk Valley National Park. While it is visually unusual or unexpected to see sand dunes in an Arctic National Park, you also need to understand that the Arctic region gets very little rainfall every year. So, this is also a desert region.  “Sand dunes in the Arctic landscape are not what you would expect. Since most people associate sand dunes with a hot desert environment, it is a visually unusual thing to see. In fact, what most people don't realize is that the Arctic is also a desert with very low levels of rainfall.”  - Christian, a Kobuk Valley National Park Worker Having said that, how the sand dunes came to be here, and the experience of exploring them, will be a great thing to discuss in this article.  This Is How The Kobuk Valley National Park Became The Land Of Sand Dunes Much of Alaska, including the Kobuk Valley National Park, falls in the Tundra region. Tundra, the coldest of the biomes, gets only around 150 to 250 mm of rainfall and snowfall yearly1. So, the national park has less rainfall than some of the most well-known deserts in the world.  Further, the sand dunes in the Kobuk Valley are as old as the Ice Age. Now, as the mighty glaciers moved forward and made a retreat, the rocks beneath were ground. Now, the blowing wind transported the sand into the empty and ice-free Kobuk Valley. The sand dunes in the park are up to 150 feet high, and they are the biggest, high-altitude, and most importantly, “active sand fields” on Earth.  In The Land Of The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes Are you in the Sahara? No, you are around 35 miles above the Arctic Circle and still find the largest active sand dune field in the world. Today, it is a popular backpacking, hiking, and camping destination in the National Park. You must visit the Northwest Arctic Heritage Center to learn more about the outdoor pursuits in the land of sand dunes. Let’s quickly look at why the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes is a preferred destination for camping, hiking, and backpacking. The sand is steady enough for the landing of an aircraft with wheels. You can put up your tent on any level surface. Also, you can hike in any direction. Further, you can board a float plane and reach the Kobuk River. From there, you can take a backpacking tour for around two miles and reach the dunes. You must visit the Kotzebue Visitor Center if you have plans to take this backpacking journey to and from the Kobuk River. There is no marked route for hiking. In summer, the temperature in the sand dunes can reach up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Also, fall is the season to see caribou migration here.  However, there’s more to it! Let’s learn about the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes as relics of the Ice Age and how life thrived here. Great Kobuk Sand Dunes: The Relics Of The Ice Age To know about the formation of the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, we must go back to the Ice Age. Around 28000 years ago, glaciers in the mountains formed. I have already discussed how the glaciers ground the rocks and wind deposited them in the Kobuk Valley.  Further, approximately 14000 years ago, the glaciers made a massive retreat. As a result, there were 200,000 acres of sandy land formation on the river banks. Complex Holocene activities and geomorphic processes keep the sand dune field at the Kobuk Valley National Park active or alive. Along with the Kobuk Valley, small lakes in the park have also accumulated sand over thousands of years.  However, most of the landscape today is occupied by the vegetation of the national park. Also, the sand dune area consists of only 20,000 acres. The vegetation found here consists of the following varieties. Wild rye Grasses Sedges Kobuk locoweed Wildflowers blooming occasionally These species grow on the shifting sand, and they function as stabilizing agents. You can see shrubs, lichens, mosses, and algae following this vegetation. Finally, there are spruce, birch, and aspen trees covering the landscape.   The slopes of the Kobuk Valley sand dunes are the only place where Kobuk locoweeds grow. These plants belong to the pea family, and they are known for their purple flowers. If you want to see these flowers, you must visit the park in late June and July.  The inland dune field of Kobuk Valley National Park is surrounded by boreal forest. Humans And Wildlife In The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes It’s amazing to see the Western Arctic Caribou walking through the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes. Fall and spring are the migration seasons for these animals. The north of the Brooks Range is the caribou herd’s calving ground, and they migrate to and from this place.  As the caribou herds pass through the sand dunes, their footprints remain in the ground for the longest time. According to National Park Service data, around 250,000 caribou pass through this national park annually.  No wonder that the Kobuk Valley National Park is one of the “last great migrations” remaining in the world. The table below gives you a brief idea of the animals and birds in the sand dunes. Birds •Sharp-shinned Hawk •Golden Eagle •Bald Eagle •American Wigeon •Northern Pintail •Rough-legged Hawk •Marsh Hawk Mammals •Caribou •Wolverine •Muskox •Snowshoe Hare •Moose •Gray Wolf •Grizzly Bear •Beaver •Arctic Fox •American Pine Marten Amphibians Wood Frog Fish •Longnose Sucker •Salmon* •Northern Pike •Alaska Blackfish •Alaska Whitefish •Humpback Whitefish •Alaskan Stickleback •Ninespine Stickleback Human history in the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes is at least 8000 years old. They lived by the Kobuk River and were mainly focused on fishing, hunting, and trapping for survival. It is fascinating to visit the thousand-year-old hunting camps on the edges of the sand dunes. The golden and shifting Great Kobuk Sand Dunes are located a few miles away from the Kobuk River. Further, the sand dunes soar up to 100 miles in the air.  Kobuk Valley National Park Is Also The Land Of Iñupiaq Subsistence Human life, which started in the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes 8000 years ago, is still thriving with the mantra of subsistence. The Iñupiaq people here use the available natural resources to fulfil their physical needs and safeguard their spiritual and cultural requirements.  For example, they depend on caribou and salmon to feed themselves and their dogs. At the same time, caribou skin hide is extensively used to make parka jackets to combat Arctic winter. They also make mukluks or boots using reindeer skin to walk through the snow.  Further, the local people made baskets using birch and willow. Moreover, in darkness, caribou tallow or seal oil were the only ingredients to light up their stone lamps.  Irrespective of the trade with the coastal communities, the “customary, traditional and non-commercial” use of natural resources is still important in the park. Iñupiat Ilitqusiat And Respecting The Ecosystem Aboriginal people in the Kobuk Valley National Park are committed to passing on their values from generation to generation. The Iñupiat Ilitqusiat value asks them to transfer the knowledge and skill of hunting and everything about life. In addition, this transfer of knowledge helps to make the most of various seasons and subsistence opportunities. For example, the caribou season comes to this park after the salmon season.  Earlier, Noatak Valley was the destination for these people during the caribou season, and even today, some families move to Noatak Valley. Again, summer camping around the Kobuk River is common for fishing, especially catching salmon and whitefish.  Summer is also the season for harvesting berries and wild greens for the local people. If you want to learn about the local people and their values, you must be respectful and understand their seasonal activities as a part of their subsistence practices. Overall, the Kobuk Valley National Park is not just a place to see sand dunes and wildlife. It is a tapestry of human lives depending on nature.  Things To Know Before You Visit The Kobuk Valley National Park For me, the sand dunes and Iñupiaq subsistence practices are the most fascinating things in the Kobuk Valley National Park. However, keep the following information handy if you are to pay a visit anytime soon.  Mode of Transport: Authorized air taxis from Kotzebue or Bettles Visitor Center: Northwest Arctic Heritage Center Entrance Fee: Free Permits Required: Commercial Use Authorization (CUA) for commercial activities, Research Permits, Filming and Photography Permits Activities to Do: Boating, fishing, camping and backpacking, hiking, flight-seeing, and exploring nearby attractions Best Time to Visit: June to July Area: 1,750,000 Acres Established: 2nd December, 1980 Number of Visitors: 17,616 (2023) (National Park Service Data) Snowfall, downpours, and extreme weather conditions can occur in any season of the year. So, follow the instructions shared at the visitor center and keep your gear ready for survival! Â
