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BY  Sibashree Oct 28, 2024

With mountains, faults, monoliths, deserts, and unique geological formations, Joshua Tree National Park has become an important ecological hub in California. As the name suggests, the park is home to the iconic Joshua Tree, a Yucca palm species made famous by U2's album "The Joshua Tree."  Spanning 800,000 acres and situated at 5000 feet above sea level, this national park is like a natural tapestry. In fact, 85% of the park remains pristine wilderness. So it's no wonder a place like this holds the best secrets and fun facts yet to be explored.  Here, I will share some amazing info about the park’s history, fossils, cryptobiotic crusts, and more. Joshua Tree National Park will complete 30 years of its designation as a national park on 31st October 2024. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt designated it as a national monument in 1936. Things No One Talks About Joshua Tree National Park  The basics are boring! There is no fun in visiting a place that does not have stories to tell. But this national park, designated in 1994, has mountains and ecological units that echo tales of history, change, and humanity.  Let’s get into the stories, but before that, let me give you a brief account of when and how to visit the park. September to November is the best time to explore the park because of the pleasant weather.  Also, the Annual Night Sky Festival takes place in the park in October. It’s a delightful experience for people of all age groups. Thomas Crochetiere writes many fascinating stories about this National Park in his “The History of Joshua Tree National Park: A historical, informational, and educational timeline of Joshua Tree National Park.” If you are interested in the park’s history, you can grab a Kindle edition of the book.  1. Fascinating Historical Tales About Joshua Tree National Park  Human history in this National Park is as old as 15000 years. Two archaeologists, William Campbell and Elizabeth Campbell, further discovered the existence of the Pinto culture in this park. Pinto Culture In The Park  People of the Pinto culture lived in the park's cool grassland environments and were primarily hunters. Archaeologists discovered Pinto culture in the national park through triangular-shaped spears, scraping and cutting tools, and seed-processing tools.  All the implements that established a Pinto connection to the place indicate that the Pinto people led a bohemian lifestyle. Along with hunting, they also practiced seasonal harvesting.  Native Americans Occupying Joshua Tree National Park  Europeans came to Joshua Tree National Park in the late 18th century. However, three groups of Native Americans lived in the park. They followed the Pinto culture and thrived locally in the park. These three tribes were: Cahuilla Serrano Chemehuevi The Chemehuevi tribe was the last to occupy the national park, and they came from the Great Basin of Nevada in 1500.  All these tribes adopted the tools of the Pinto people, and they improved and diversified them.  Cattlemen First Occupied The Joshua Tree National Park  Joshua Tree National Park has every element of a Western movie. The western side of the park had higher elevations during the 1870s. These areas also received higher rainfall and had different species of native grasses.  As a result, many cattle owners flocked to these parts of the park to graze cattle.  William “Bill” McHaney was the earliest cattleman in this park. He was a legendary figure, and he took his Texas Longhorns to these higher valleys. He will be known for living in the national park and exploring the area for around 60 years. Further, his brother, Jim, built a gang to steal cattle from Mexico and Arizona.  Discovery Of Gold In Joshua Tree National Park  The 19th century was the biggest highlight in the Joshua Tree National Park. Miners flocked to the park in large numbers after discovering gold. Twentynine Palms was the first area to have mining expeditions in the park in the late 1860s.  The presence of water in the Oasis of Mara was the main reason behind extensive mining expeditions at Twentynine Palms. Miners collected gold from dirt using dry washing. The process was fun, and it involved throwing dirt mixed with dust into the air. They caught the dirt as it fell, and the process continued until the mix contained only gold dust.  Desert Queen Mine was a more successful gold mining venture in the park. Frank L. James, an employee of the Lost Horse Mine, discovered the vein of gold in the Northern Queen Valley. Unfortunately, he had to lose his life at the hands of  Charles Martin. Martin was a part of the notorious cattle-rustler gang of Jim McHaney. Jim McHaney was the brother of William “Bill” McHaney, a legendary figure in the park.  Joshua Tree National Park Had An Important Role To Play During World War I  The dry, desert climate of this National Park was beneficial for the war veterans suffering from the effects of mustard gas. This gas was so lethal that it had to be banned after World War I. Did You Know?The Geneva Gas Protocol Treaty, signed in 1925 by most countries, banned the use of biological and chemical weapons in war.  Germans introduced mustard gas in 1917, and any contact with the gas used to cause skin burns, blisters, and respiratory problems. Patients hit by this gas needed to be hospitalized for the treatment of chemical burns and respiratory issues.  Moreover, the survivors of the mustard gas attacks had a greater risk of developing cancer.  2. Fossils Of Joshua Tree National Park  https://www.instagram.com/p/ClHXsRDS2Xq/?img_index=1 The fossils in Joshua Tree National Park tell us about geological evolution, extreme natural events, and biodiversity. So, what animals roamed here when the Earth was cooler and greener? Let’s have a look at the list below.  Columbian mammoths Dire wolves Camels Horses Llamas Giant ground sloths Saber-toothed cats  Bison American Pronghorn Did Dinosaurs Live At Joshua Tree National Park? Scientists believe that Joshua Tree National Park had dinosaurs. Some of the oldest rocks in the park are from the dinosaur era. However, because these rocks are metamorphic and igneous, they could not preserve dinosaur skeletons. So, there is no “black and white” evidence of dinosaurs in the park yet.  The oldest fossil found in the park is a pocket gopher tooth. It was found in a 7.8-million-year-old sediment. The park has many other microfossils that are even older.  Moreover, the pack rats' midden has been a gold mine for finding plant and insect species. Researchers found at least 12 plant species in the midden, and the oldest was around 30,000 years old. In addition, the darkling beetle fossils in the midden span a range of ages. The oldest dates back to  34,000 years ago, and the latest is as old as 1000 years.  Above all, the human artifacts and bones collected in this midden speak of human history and the evolution of their lifestyle.  3. Cryptobiotic Crusts Of This National Park  What are cryptobiotic crusts? They are hidden biotic organisms present on the surface of the park soil. Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria are the leading cryptobiotic crusts at Joshua Tree National Park. The other forms of cryptobiotic crusts present in the park soil are: Mosses Lichens Microfungi Bacteria Green algae These cryptobiotic crusts help bind the park's sand and soil particles together. In other words, they prevent wind and water from causing soil erosion.    4. Spiritual Stories And Symbolism Around This National Park U2's “The Joshua Tree” album brought the spiritual connection and symbolism around the Joshua trees in the park into the spotlight. The album explores the gap between the promised land and the real land of America. The desert also stood for the desolation of the soul, while the Joshua trees, surviving in extreme weather conditions, became the symbol of hope and prayer. However, to trace how Joshua trees have always been associated with symbolism and Biblical stories, you must go back about 180 years. In the 1850s, the Mormon pioneers crossed the Mojave Desert and saw these trees.  The upraised branches of the trees reminded them of Joshua, who stretched his arms to the sky for prayer and led the “Israelites into the Promised Land.” So, this is how these Yucca Palm trees got their new name.  5. Joshua Tree National Park Is The Best For Stargazing  As International Dark Night Sky, Joshua Tree National Park is one of the best places in California for stargazing. The following parking areas are best for stargazing in this National Park. Hidden Valley Ryan Mountain Quail Springs Cap Rock You can also choose Pinto Basin for an amazing stargazing experience.  How To Reach Joshua Tree National Park? Joshua Tree National Park has three entrances. The table below details these entrances and will help you choose the right one based on where you are traveling from. Park Entrance GateLocation Ideal For Tourists FromWest EntranceAt Park Blvd Off Highway 62Los Angeles, Palm Springs, San DiegoNorth Entrance29 Palms, Off Highway 62Las VegasSouth EntranceCottonwood Springs, Off Highway 10Salton Sea area The West Entrance is the main entrance to this National Park. You must drive through California Highway 62 or Interstate 10 to reach here.  If you are traveling by air, you'll need to fly into Palm Springs Airport, where you can rent a car. The Los Angeles International Airport is also 150 miles away from this park.   Also read Why Include Whale Watching In Your LA Itinerary. Traveling On A Budget: Tips For Affordable Adventures. From Cocktails To Kickflips: Must-Try Activities In San Diego.

BY  Ankita Apr 12, 2024

As travellers increasingly seek unique and memorable experiences, vacation rentals have emerged as the go-to accommodation for those looking to immerse themselves in local cultures far removed from the well-trodden paths of mainstream tourism.  Staying in a vacation rental, whether it's a cozy rental apartment in the heart of the city, a quaint cottage in the countryside, or a beach house with sweeping ocean views, offers a unique opportunity to live like a local and uncover hidden gems that can make your trip truly unforgettable. This article discusses the main reasons why a vacation rental is a great choice for you. We tell you how vacation rentals are better than hotels when renting out as a local or as a traveller, both for you and as a traveller. Here, you will also find some top tips for finding a good vacation rental to enhance your stay and experience. A Gateway To Authenticity For an authentic vacation experience, hotels do not do justice to vacation rentals. Vacation rentals often have local decor, and the architecture of the property feels more personalized and local. On the other hand, a hotel experience is more sterile and lacks personality. This way, a vacation rental environment differs from any hotel and enhances the overall experience of the stay. You get to immerse yourself in a new experience by cooking with local ingredients found in neighbourhood markets. You can try new ways to cook food in the new place, just like the locals.  Again, you can dine at local-favourite eateries that you might not find in guidebooks, but only locals can tell you about. Try new dishes and immerse your taste buds in a variety of flavours. Enjoying leisurely strolls in lesser-known areas can offer new experiences in a new place. Furthermore, the personal spaces in vacation rentals allow travellers to experience daily life as locals do. They can wake up to the sounds of the neighbourhood, maybe a local street market or the morning chatter of residents, offering a daily rhythm and pace that hotels shield their guests from. This is especially a priority for the younger generations of travelers, including Gen Zs, who are looking for authenticity in their adventures. Tailored Local Insights One significant advantage of vocational rentals is the personalized insights provided by hosts. Many hosts are keen to share their love for their city or town, offering recommendations not typically featured in tourist guides.  From the best local coffee shop where residents grab their morning brew to hidden alleys with the best street art, these recommendations allow travellers to explore areas off the beaten path and experience the locality as natives do, not as tourists.  The freedom to explore new places and areas when interacting with locals while staying in local rentals during vacation is beyond immersive. You experience not only the new food and language but also the local community. Often, while travelling, when you interact with local people, they tend to suggest the best local places and events. Don't miss these local events as you get to taste a new culture and where you can also make deeper connections. If a local family invites you to visit their home, be gracious enough to attend it if you can. You will get a lot of cultural insights from them, and cultural exchanges happen, too. You can also get new opportunities to participate in local traditions. Economic Benefits To Local Communities Opting for a vacation rental over a hotel also increases the local economy. Hotels are expensive, as you already know; on the other hand, vacation rentals are relatively cheaper. Hotels come with restaurants and room service, while vacation rentals do not, so you have to do all your cooking and shopping.  That might seem hectic while traveling, but when you are on a budget, it's the best option. You get to shop in the local farmer's market and enjoy new produce local to the area. You interact more with the locals and increase your exposure to new cultures.  The bright side of vacation rentals is that you get to enjoy local homesteads and architecture. If you don't wish to cook them, go exploring local restaurants and take suggestions from locals. This also helps uplift the local economy as most of the local restaurants are run by local families. Engaging with local services helps you distribute your money more evenly and sustain small businesses. You also get to interact with more locals, providing you with deeper cultural insights. You would be wrong if you think opting for a residential neighbourhood rental will help the locals.  Instead, stay in vacation rentals outside tourist-heavy areas where more than the high price of the rental fee is put on. Staying in less touristy locations will benefit the local communities, especially financially. Sustainable Travel Vacation rentals can also contribute to sustainable travel practices. Many rentals are established in residential areas, which spreads out the impact of tourism and reduces overcrowding in popular tourist centers. Additionally, the ability to cook and manage waste more efficiently in a rental can decrease the ecological footprint of your stay.  Renters can also engage more directly with local recycling and sustainability initiatives, becoming part of the community's environmental solutions. This can be especially impactful in regions where sustainability is a community priority, allowing travellers to contribute positively to the local environment. Uncovering Hidden Gems Other than the sustainable and economic advantages of opting for vacation rentals is discovering hidden gems. It can be a new dirt road to a river bank or a secluded beach only the locals know about. You can also find hidden gems like a family-run vineyard that offers you private tastings. Or a historic site that hasn't made it to any tourist guide yet. These new hidden gems heighten your memory of the place and make your vacation special. If you love adventure, you can ask locals for hiking trails that lead to amazing views that only locals know about. You can also visit artisans' workshops where traditional crafts are made. These unique spots often provide the most cherished memories of travel, as they offer a sense of discovery and personal connection to the place. Tips For Finding The Best Local Vacation Rentals Finding the perfect vacation rental can be the key to unlocking a local experience. These are some of our practical tips to help you discover the best spots that connect you with the heart of your destination. Research Thoroughly Research is essential to find the best local vacation rentals. You must do a thorough research on the area you are planning to visit. Look beyond the typical vacation rental platforms, like searching for local forums that offer information on rental properties to tourists.  You can always search social media groups and blog posts that offer insights into the best local vacation rentals. You can also search platforms where the particular local residents are active and what they have to say about the place. Sites like Airbnb and Vrbo are great, but you should also check out local rental websites and agencies that might offer unique listings not found on the larger platforms. Read Reviews Carefully Reviews are crucial information that previous guests of vacation rentals leave for future guests. So, if you have to check the vacation rental reviews before you select one for your trip, see what your predecessors have to say about the host of the rental and the local community.  You get a clear picture of the locals from previous renters who stayed at the place. Reviews can reveal a lot about the authenticity and convenience of the location and the quality of the living experience. Communicate With Hosts Once you narrow down your choices, reach out to potential hosts with any questions you have about the property and the area. A good host will be eager to provide information and may share insights into local gems. Their responsiveness and willingness to offer advice can be a good indicator of the kind of experience you'll have. Consider Location And Accessibility Choose a location that balances tranquillity with accessibility. Want to experience the lifestyle of a local when visiting a place? Then, try to find vacation rentals in locations that are easily accessible to local communities. If you find a rental in a tourist-centric area you might not get much interaction with locals. However, considering how you will access the attractions and amenities of the place, you can always use public transport to visit the key attractions. You can rent a local car to reach distant places. Still, the local markets, cafes, and sites of interest locally can greatly enhance your stay. Check For Amenities Check for vacation rentals that offer amenities for your comfortable stay. Even if there is no food available in a vacation rental, see to it that they offer a proper kitchen. You must check all the amenities like gas, stove, and utensils, which should be included in the rental. You might also check for proper bathrooms, water, and internet to connect with the outside world when needed. Some people also work while vacationing, so the internet becomes essential for them in this situation. Ensure that the rental has all the amenities you'll need to enjoy your time there without hassle. Verify Safety And Legal Considerations Lastly, ensure that the rental is in a safe area and that all local laws regarding vacation rentals are observed. Some areas have regulations on short-term rentals that might affect your stay. It's also wise to verify this information to avoid any legal inconveniences. Wrapping It Up In conclusion, vacation rentals are more than just a place to stay; they are a gateway to deeper cultural immersion. You get a chance to live like a local while enhancing sustainable tourism. By choosing local vacation rentals you discover the heart and soul of that particular destination. After all, people make a place special, not monuments. So next time you travel to a new place, opt for a vacation rental in the local area instead of a hotel in a touristy area. This choice could transform a standard trip into a unique exploration of the local way of life, leaving you with rich and rare memories. Learn More About: Travelocity Review- Login, Services, And Travel Experiences Tips For Planning The Perfect Getaway In A Rental Villa In Italy Jackson Hole Luxury Rentals: The Inside Scoop On The Most Desirable Properties

BY  Sibashree Sep 18, 2026

Jetavanaramaya is in the Sacred City of Anuradhapura, one of Sri Lanka's UNESCO World Heritage Sites.  It is easily the most physically overwhelming structure I have seen anywhere on the island.   Can you believe that this stupa was built using 93.3 million baked mud bricks in 301 CE?  Even today, though the stupa is around half the height of the original stupa, it still impresses, with a towering height of 71 meters.   Furthermore, archaeologists think that a three-foot brick wall could be constructed between London and Edinburgh or New York City and Pittsburgh with these mud bricks.   However, Jetavanaramaya is not just about the imposing height.   It has a rich history and spiritual significance. Also, recent news has put it back in the global spotlight.  I will discuss all these aspects in this article, along with everything you need to plan the trip yourself.  Jetavanaramaya At A Glance  Detail Information Location Jetavana Monastery, Sacred City of Anuradhapura, North Central Province, Sri Lanka Built by King Mahasena (r. 273–301 CE) started the construction  It was completed by his son, Sirimeghavanna/ Maghavanna I Original height Approximately 122 metres  It is the tallest brick structure ever built. Current height Approximately 71 metres, after 12th-century restoration under King Parakramabahu I Bricks used An estimated 93.3 million baked bricks Global ranking (at completion) Third-largest man-made structure on Earth, after the two Great Pyramids of Giza Base area Roughly 233,000 m²  Relic enshrined Believed to be a fragment of a sash or belt worn by the Buddha. UNESCO status Part of the Sacred City of Anuradhapura, inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1982 Nearest town Anuradhapura city centre, about 4–5 km away  A Recent Spotlight: Jetavanaramaya's 2026 Global Moment Jetavanaramaya does not need an introduction due to its architectural magnanimity or significance in Buddhism.   However, it has become a talking point once again with CNN Travel publishing a detailed feature recently.   In the February 2026 post, CNN Travel has described it as “massive megastructure built for eternity.”   Also, the same post places it alongside the Great Pyramids in terms of ancient engineering ambition.  The piece, reported from Anuradhapura itself, spent time with Godamune Pannaseeha, a senior archaeology officer who has spent years studying the site.  Also, it framed the stupa within the living pilgrimage culture that still surrounds it.  As I have seen it, there were pilgrims in white, monks chanting at dawn, rituals that have continued largely uninterrupted for more than 2,000 years.  The coverage was picked up widely across the US and international outlets in the weeks that followed.  Moreover, Sri Lankan media noted it as a rare moment of global attention for a site that, despite its scale, remains far less visited than Sigiriya Rock Fortress or the Temple of the Tooth.   If you are planning a Cultural Triangle trip in 2026, this is genuinely a good year to see it before the crowds catch up to the coverage.  The History Behind The Tallest Brick Stupa In The World Jetavanaramaya is a physical record of a religious dispute.   Understanding why it exists makes the visit land differently, even if we forget about the height or scale for a while.  King Mahasena And The Sect Rivalry That Built It  King Mahasena began construction of this stupa between 273 and 301 CE.  It was during a period of real tension between two Buddhist sects, the Mahavihara and the more liberal Abhayagiri fraternity.  Mahasena was a patron of the Abhayagiri fraternity.   The stupa became the centrepiece of the Jetavana Vihara, a monastic complex built for the breakaway Sagalika sect.  It was designed, according to archaeologists, to accommodate more than 3,000 monks.   Every structure in the complex was oriented toward the stupa.  It was a daily, physical reminder of where devotion was meant to point.  The Relic Enshrined Inside  Jetavanaramaya is a solid stupa, not a hollow one.  So, you cannot go inside.   What's believed to be enshrined at its core is a fragment of a sash or belt worn by the Buddha.  Thus, it is a cenotaph of deep religious significance rather than a burial monument in the ordinary sense.   Some accounts also connect the site to the cremation of Mahinda Thera, the monk credited with bringing Buddhism to Sri Lanka.  This version about the stupa comes from the excavated ash and charcoal layers found nearby.  Restoration Through The Centuries  Like most of Anuradhapura, Jetavanaramaya fell into decline after the capital shifted away from the city.  It was buried gradually by jungle growth and centuries of neglect.   King Parakramabahu I restored it in the 12th century, bringing it to roughly its current height.   Large-scale conservation further resumed in the 20th century, and it remains an active restoration site today.  Even in its diminished state, it is still the largest man-made brick structure by volume.  What It Is Really Like To Stand Before Jetavanaramaya Honestly, photos do not give a fair idea about the scale of the stupa.  Standing at its base, this is what I actually felt.   The Scale You Don't Expect  A height of 71 metres and made of 93 million bricks!  Reading about these numbers is different from actually walking the perimeter.   Each side of the base runs close to 576 feet, and the entrance staircases alone are around 28 feet wide.   It was a long walk circling the structure once.   However, the brick structure was more fascinating, with a distinct texture and color.   Furthermore, the uneven weathering of this deep terracotta structure is an art time has created.   No photograph truly captures that.   Golden Hour And The Rituals Around It  Afternoon is the best time to visit the stupa.   The heat is less, and the stupa looks warmer with a red-orange hue thanks to the light.   Also, this is the time when pilgrims in large numbers circumambulate the stupa clockwise.  They walk barefoot with flowers or lit oil lamps in their hands, and suddenly you see evening has set in.   Exploring The Jetavana Monastery Complex The stupa is the epicenter of the monastery complex.   However, if you want to know more about the history and soak in the spiritual ambiance, explore the other structures mindfully.   The Jetavanaramaya Museum  This on-site museum is small, but it displays artefacts recovered during excavation.  I saw beads, coins, ivory carvings, pottery, and inscribed stone fragments, along with information panels on the sect rivalry that produced the stupa.   It takes around 30 minutes to explore the museum. However, it is a useful stop, considering the information it provides.   Nearby Ruins Worth Your Time  There are remains of monastic buildings, ponds and boundary walls around the stupa.   The refectory ruins and stone urinals with their surprisingly intricate carved drainage systems especially demand a mention.  These structures hint at an organised monastic life.  Entrance Fees And Tickets Jetavanaramaya is covered by the single Anuradhapura Sacred City round ticket.  So, you do not need to buy a separate ticket for it.   Visitor category Approximate price (2026) Notes Foreign adult (non-SAARC) US$25–30 Covers:  Jetavanaramaya Ruwanwelisaya Abhayagiri Thuparamaya, and other sacred-city sites SAARC nationals US$12–15 Passport required at the counter Children (6–12) Around half the adult rate Under 6 generally free Local (Sri Lankan) visitors Free ID required and a small fee applies only for the site museums Combined Cultural Triangle ticket US$50–60 Covers:  Anuradhapura Polonnaruwa Sigiriya  Dambulla Royal Cave Temple   Note that the Sacred City round ticket does not include Isurumuniya, Sri Maha Bodhi, or Mihintale.  So, you will need smaller entry tickets.   You can buy tickets at the main office near the Archaeological Museum, or pre-book online to skip the queue.  Opening Hours And Best Time To Visit Jetavanaramaya The archaeological sites are generally open daily from around 7:00 AM to 6:00 PM.   Avoid the midday window (roughly 12:00–3:00 PM), when the heat over the open brick platform gets genuinely uncomfortable.   Early morning and the last two hours before closing are both good choices.  The latter also lines up with the evening rituals.   Moreover, December to March is the most pleasant season weather-wise, with lower humidity and less rain.  Getting There  Anuradhapura is roughly 200 km north of Colombo.  The journey takes around 4.5 hours by car.   Also, it is about 65 km from Dambulla.   Moreover, in a Cultural Triangle itinerary, it pairs naturally with Sigiriya, Dambulla, and Mihintale.   Again, since the Sacred City is vast, you can rent a bicycle for the day to move around.   The bicycle rental costs around LKR 1500 for a day.   Furthermore, you can hire tuk-tuks and cars with a driver-guide.  A Suggested Half-Day Itinerary For Jetavanaramaya  Time Stop What to expect 7:00 AM Sri Maha Bodhi Dawn pilgrimage atmosphere at the sacred fig tree. 8:00 AM Ruwanwelisaya The gleaming white stupa and its elephant wall. 9:15 AM Jetavanaramaya Spend at least an hour, and more with the museum. 10:45 AM Jetavanaramaya Museum Excavated artefacts and site context. 11:30 AM Abhayagiri Dagoba The third great stupa, with a quieter, more forested setting. 1:00 PM Lunch in Anuradhapura town Break before the afternoon heat.  Tips From My Visit To Jetavanaramaya A local guide (arranged through your hotel or the ticket office) adds real value here. You cannot know much of the sect rivalry from the on-site signage.  You can take photos here. However, avoid posing with your back to the stupa or in disrespectful positions.   This is an active religious site for Buddhist pilgrims.  Beyond Jetavanaramaya: Continuing Your Anuradhapura Journey Jetavanaramaya fits easily into an Anuradhapura itinerary, including Ruwanwelisaya and Mihintale.  This cluster is the best way to get a full picture of the ancient capital.  Furthermore, you can continue south from here to other major Buddhist sites such as Mulkirigala and Kataragama.  Why Jetavanaramaya Still Matters  The significance of Jetavanaramaya is specific.   It is proof of Sri Lankan excellence in craftsmanship in the fourth century.   Even then, they could organize labor and materials and execute an ambition on a scale that rivalled any civilization of that era.  So, around 1700 years later, when you stand at the base of the stupa, it is like time travel.