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BY  Sibashree Sep 11, 2024

Kobuk Valley National Park is surreal! Have you ever thought to meet sand dunes in the Arctic Circle? The unique geology of the park makes it possible. That’s not all! The Great Kobuk sand dunes stand here, along with the remains of the North American continental glaciers.  Three of the sand dunes in this national park are active or alive. The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, Hunt River Dunes, and Little Kobuk Sand Dunes here cover a mesmerizing 20,000 acres of area in the park.   Today, hiking through these dunes is one of the most popular activities in the Kobuk Valley National Park.   While it is visually unusual or unexpected to see sand dunes in an Arctic National Park, you also need to understand that the Arctic region gets very little rainfall every year. So, this is also a desert region.   “Sand dunes in the Arctic landscape are not what you would expect. Since most people associate sand dunes with a hot desert environment, it is a visually unusual thing to see. In fact, what most people don't realize is that the Arctic is also a desert with very low levels of rainfall.”   - Christian, a Kobuk Valley National Park Worker  Having said that, how the sand dunes came to be here, and the experience of exploring them will be a great thing to discuss in this article.   This Is How The Kobuk Valley National Park Became The Land Of Sand Dunes   https://www.instagram.com/p/BWatGdVFuis/ Much of Alaska, including the Kobuk Valley National Park, falls in the Tundra region. Tundra, the coldest of the biomes, gets only around 150 to 250 mm of rainfall and snowfall yearly1. So, the national park has less rainfall than some of the most well-known deserts in the world.   Further, the sand dunes in the Kobuk Valley are as old as the Ice Age. Now, as the mighty glaciers moved forward and made a retreat, the rocks beneath got ground. Now, the blowing wind transported the sand into the empty and ice-free Kobuk Valley. The sand dunes in the park are up to 150 feet high, and they are the biggest, high-altitude, and most importantly, “active sand fields”  in the earth.   In The Land Of The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes  https://www.instagram.com/p/BgmZYDdAA_r/ Are you in the Sahara? No, you are around 35 miles above the Arctic Circle and still find the largest active sand dune field in the world. Today, it is a popular backpacking, hiking, and camping destination in the National Park. You must attend the Northwest Arctic Heritage Center to learn more about the outdoor pursuits in the land of sand dunes.  Let’s quickly look at why the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes is a preferred destination for camping, hiking, and backpacking.  The sand is steady enough for the landing of an aircraft with wheels.  You can put up your tent on any level surface.  Also, you can hike in any direction.  Further, you can board a float plane and reach the Kobuk River. From there, you can take a backpacking tour for around two miles and reach the dunes.  You must visit the Kotzebue Visitor Center if you have plans to take this backpacking journey to and from the Kobuk River.   There is no marked route for hiking.  In summer, the temperature in the sand dunes can reach up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Also, fall is the season to see caribou migration here.   However, there’s more to it! Let’s learn about the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes as relics of the Ice Age and how life thrived here.   Great Kobuk Sand Dunes: The Relics Of The Ice Age   https://www.instagram.com/p/BYwfdMYlr-0/ To know about the formation of the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, we must go back to the Ice Age. Around 28000 years ago, glaciers in the mountains formed. I have already discussed how the glaciers ground the rocks and wind deposited them in the Kobuk Valley.   Further, approximately 14000 years ago, the glaciers made a massive retreat. As a result, there were 200,000 acres of sandy land formation on the river banks. Complex holocene activities and geomorphic preservations keep the sand dune field at the Kobuk Valley National Park active or alive. Along with the Kobuk Valley, small lakes in the park have also accumulated sand over thousands of years.   However, most of the landscape today is occupied by the vegetation of the national park, and the sand dune area consists of only 20,000 acres. The vegetation found here consists of the following varieties.  Wild rye  Grasses  Sedges  Kobuk locoweed  Wildflowers blooming occasionally  These species grow on the shifting sand, and they function as stabilizing agents. You can see shrubs, lichens, mosses, and algae following this vegetation. Finally, there are spruce, birch, and aspen trees covering the landscape.    The slopes of the Kobuk Valley sand dunes are the only place where Kobuk locoweeds grow. These plants belong to the pea family, and they are known for their purple flowers. If you want to see these flowers, you must visit the park in late June and July.   The inland dune field of Kobuk Valley National Park is surrounded by boreal forest.   Humans And Wildlife In The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes  https://www.instagram.com/p/Cv0EhpdLsJ5/ It’s amazing to see the Western Arctic Caribou walking through the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes. Fall and spring are the migration seasons for these animals. The north of Brook Range is the caribou herd’s calving ground, and they migrate to and from this place.   As the caribou herds pass through the sand dunes, their footprints remain in the ground for the longest time. According to National Park Service data, around 250,000 caribou pass through this national park annually.   No wonder that the Kobuk Valley National Park is one of the “last great migrations” remaining in the world. The table below gives you a brief idea about the animals and birds in the sand dunes.  Birds Sharp-shinned Hawk Golden Eagle Bald Eagle American Wigeon Northern Pintail Rough-legged Hawk Marsh Hawk Mammals Caribou Wolverine Muskox Snowshoe Hare Moose Gray Wolf Grizzly Bear Beaver Arctic Fox American Pine Marten Amphibians Wood Frog Fish Longnose Sucker Salmon* Northern Pike Alaska Blackfish Alaska Whitefish Humpback Whitefish Alaskan Stickleback Ninespine Stickleback  Human history in the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes is at least 8000 years old. They lived by the Kobuk River and were mainly focused on fishing, hunting, and trapping for survival. It is fascinating to visit the thousand-year-old hunting camps on the edges of the sand dunes.  The golden and shifting Great Kobuk Sand Dunes are located a few miles away from the Kobuk River. Further, the sand dunes soar up to 100 miles in the air.   Kobuk Valley National Park Is Also The Land Of Iñupiaq Subsistence  https://www.instagram.com/p/BWdjyOBl_Lw/ Human life, which started in the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes 8000 years ago, is still thriving with the mantra of subsistence. The Iñupiaq people here use the available natural resources to fulfil their physical needs and safeguard their spiritual and cultural requirements.   For example, they depend on caribou and salmon to feed themselves and their dogs. At the same time, caribou skin hide is extensively used to make parka jackets to combat Arctic winter. They also make mukluks or boots using reindeer skin to walk through the snow.   Further, the local people made baskets using birch and willow. Moreover, in darkness, caribou tallow or seal oil were the only ingredients to light up their stone lamps.   Irrespective of the trade with the coastal communities, the “customary, traditional and non-commercial” use of natural resources is still important in the park.   Iñupiat Ilitqusiat And Respecting The Ecosystem   https://www.instagram.com/p/CzjboNfsc4Y/ Aboriginal people in the Kobuk Valley National Park are committed to passing on their values from generation to generation. The Iñupiat Ilitqusiat value asks them to transfer the knowledge and skill of hunting and everything about life.  In addition, this transfer of knowledge helps to make the most of various seasons and subsistence opportunities. For example, the caribou season comes to this park after the salmon season.   Earlier, Noatak Valley was the destination for these people during the caribou season, and even today, some families move to Noatak Valley. Again, summer camping around the Kobuk River is common for fishing, especially catching salmon and whitefish.   Summer is also the season for harvesting berries and wild greens for the local people.  If you want to learn about the local people and their values, you must be respectful and understand their seasonal activities as a part of their subsistence practices.   Overall, the Kobuk Valley National Park is not just a place to see sand dunes and wildlife. It is a tapestry of human lives depending on nature.   Things To Know Before You Visit The Kobuk Valley National Park   For me, the sand dunes and Iñupiaq subsistence practices are the most fascinating things in the Kobuk Valley National Park. However, keep the following information handy if you are to pay a visit anytime soon.   Mode of Transport: Authorized air taxis from Kotzebue or Bettles  Visitor Center: Northwest Arctic Heritage Center  Entrance Fee: Free  Permits Required:  Commercial Use Authorization or CUA for commercial activities, Research Permits, Filming and Photography Permits  Activities to Do: Boating, fishing, camping and backpacking, hiking, flight-seeing and exploring nearby attractions  Best Time to Visit: June to July   Area: 1,750,000 Acres  Established: 2nd December, 1980  Number of Visitors: 17,616 (2023) (National Park Service Data)  Snowfall, downpours, and extreme weather conditions can occur in any season of the year. So, follow the instructions shared at the visitor center and keep your gear ready for survival!  

BY  Abdul Aziz Dec 30, 2023

Visiting Bangkok? Looking for things to do in Bangkok? Bangkok, one of the most visited cities in Southeast Asia, is a vibrant, dynamic metropolis. It offers much more than just mouthwatering street food (though there is plenty of it). Engulfed in a hazy mixture of motorbike exhaust, incense, and charcoal grills, this chaotic city is also home to luxury hotels. Michelin-starred restaurants, quaint cocktail bars, and an abundance of good times together creates magic. Of course we cannot forget to mention culture and history. Feeling overwhelmed? Its okay. Visit Chinatown for some of the best bars in the city and historic architecture after a day of touring temples. Alternatively, take a stroll through some of the city's most stylish parks. Plan this before dining on a multi-course meal inside a chophouse. It probably dates back a century or on an antique barge. This Bangkok mainstay doesn't have an incredibly convenient location, in contrast to many of its competitors. The picture-perfect sights require a boat transfer, and the majority of the best tables are more than a 30-minute taxi ride away. But that's the point for me and the hordes of other devoted admirers of this monochromatic masterwork by hotel guru Bill Bensley. Situated on a verdant riverbank property in the peaceful Dusit neighborhood, The Siam evokes memories of a bygone era in Bangkok. Though it opened ten years ago, it's easy to picture it as a luxurious playground for the city's former big guns, the mid-century movers and shakers whose heirlooms, which adorn the marble-floored hallways, include vintage Pan Am posters, tattered travel trunks, and chipped ceramics.  Things To Do In Bangkok  Bangkok is the dream destination for most people who want it all on a budget. If you want to know about the best things to do in Bangkok, take a peek. Here is a list of a few things you can look forward to when you are visiting.  Chatuchak  The official name, Chatuchak, is pronounced with a J sound. Locals refer to it as JJ Market. This market is the oldest of all markets. It's one of the biggest outdoor markets in the world, with 15,000 stalls. Everything is available for purchase, ranging from useful items like artwork, cooking supplies, apparel, accessories, and home décor. There are also trinkets and oddities like fake iPhone covers, Beats by Dre and Nike sneakers. The market is extremely well organized despite its enormous size, with items sorted by kind and a sizable map displayed close to the entrance.  Pak Khlong Talat  Pak Khlong Talat is the best place to witness Bangkok's vibrant nature—one of the world's most vivid cities. A dazzling kaleidoscope of colors and the sweet, all-encompassing scent of thousands upon thousands of fresh flowers can be found in this lively flower market. Look through booths brimming with roses, orchids, marigolds, and more. The flower market is open 24 hours a day, which is great if you are suffering from jet lag and need something to do late at night.  Le Normandie by Alain Roux  In addition to its thriving street food scene, Bangkok has about 30 restaurants with Michelin stars. Le Normandie by Alain Roux, a fine-dining establishment at the renowned Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok, is one to be particularly aware of. This elegant dining room with its stunning view of the Chao Phraya River is the perfect setting for this white-glove experience. Make sure to reserve a window seat to enjoy the exquisite and creatively prepared French cuisine while taking in the sunset and the colorful boats on the river.  Thai Spa  It's no secret that Bangkok offers the best spa and wellness experiences – all you need to do is select your favorite atmosphere. Bangkok has a monopoly on the wellness market, whether it's a lavish spa palace or a simple shop tucked away down a tiny alley. Thai massages are different from other massage styles in that they don't use oils or aromatherapy. Instead, they concentrate on acupressure, passive stretching, and expanding your muscles' range of motion. Bangkok is a great place to try a Thai massage if you've never had one.  Wat Arun  Wat Arun is among the most well-known of the more than 37,000 temples, or wats, that can be found all over Thailand. The temple complex glows golden at night, and the 269-foot-tall prahng, a Khmer-style tower, protrudes from the banks of the Chao Phraya River. One of the rare temples in Thailand that you can climb, you'll be rewarded with stunning views of the surrounding temple complex and river after making your way up the steep and narrow stairs.  Smiling Albino  You can be sure that the people behind Smiling Albino are knowledgeable because they have been in the business since 1999. They provide trips to neighboring villages, cultural excursions, and private experiences in Bangkok, all under the umbrella of custom luxury. They also plan week-long motorcycling tours in Vietnam, cycling tours in Nepal, and trekking excursions in northern Thailand. Every trip is tailored to your interests. There are no microphone-screamed explanations from coaches, just in-person drivers and guides.  Fine Dining  This six-course meal, which is served on a vintage wooden rice barge, serves as a great introduction to Thai cuisine and some of Bangkok's must-see riverside attractions. Make a reservation so you can decide what to see during the day while enjoying delicious dishes like a creamy coconut and turmeric soup with charcoal-cooked chicken. There is also a dry-ice performance on mango sticky rice, and a curry amuse bouche topped with gold leaves. The experience is ideal for a laid-back, romantic evening on the water, and the friendly service is on par with any fine-dining establishment on land.  Bangkok Art & Cultural Centre  Once you've visited the major tourist attractions, you might want to take a closer look at Bangkok by going somewhere a little less well-known. The Bangkok Art & Cultural Centre provides just that. This open area supports local and global exhibitions of art and culture. This is the best gallery in the city to check out if you're interested in seeing the work of young Thai artists. As an art fanatic this could easily be one of the coolest things to do in Bangkok.  Chao Phraya River  The Chao Phraya River is Bangkok's lifeblood, and the city's most prestigious luxury hotels, most historic neighborhoods, and most popular tourist destinations are located along its banks. The best way to introduce yourself to the famous Bangkok skyline and get a peek of everyday life in the area is to take a cruise down the Chao Phraya. There are numerous ways to access the river, ranging from daytime sightseeing trips to dinner cruises in the evening. Take the Chao Phraya Express Boat, though, if you truly want to travel like a local. The public water taxi goes all the way up to the nearby province of Nonthaburi, making stops at busy docks along the river.  Ayutthaya  Train travel to Ayutthaya from Bangkok takes about one hour, making it an ideal day trip destination. This is one of the best things to do in Bangkok. Ayutthaya offers visitors a window into Thailand's past as the former capital of the Kingdom of Siam. Gorgeous 14th-century palaces and temples can be found in the capital of the preserved kingdom. The temple ruins offer a unique glimpse into the past of this region of the world for those who choose to explore them.  Wrapping Up  There you have it, a summary of my experiences and the best things to do in Bangkok! Leave a comment below if you have any more advice or recommendations. You are in the best position to see everything else this amazing country has to offer from Bangkok. You could travel south to the notorious Thai islands, or you could head north to the more laid-back tourist destinations of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, and Pai. If you have thoughts to share or questions on things to do in Bangkok please leave a comment below. We would love to hear from you! 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BY  Mashum Feb 26, 2019

The cost-of-living caps the fantastic landscape and culture that Australia has to offer and explore.  For many tourists and Australians, it is much cheaper to travel abroad and explore other countries. However, traveling around Australia is incredible and can cost you minimal amounts if you are aware of the budget-friendly travel ideas in Australia.  So, before you plan a trip to Australia, learn the art of sticking to a budget. Budget-Friendly Travel Ideas in Australia The cost of traveling should never be a constraint if you want to explore the beautiful land of Australia. Let’s head straight to the most practical and budget-friendly travel ideas in Australia. 1. Stay In Hostels This tip is more relevant to Australia even though it applies to all parts of the world. Most hotels in Australia are costly, mainly if you are operating on a budget. If you wish to have a less luxurious sleep, you will save a lot of money.  2. Camp You can even try camping if you want to be more adventurous. It will help you save a lot of money. The cheapest way to explore Australia is by getting around and camping at different campsites.  There are several free camping spots around Australia, although there will be areas where you will need to pay for your campsite. Even then, the fees may be as little as $5 per person. You will get access to showers and toilets, which aren’t always available on the open road. 3. Prepare Your Meals Even if you decide to eat in a fast-food joint in Australia, it will not give you much change from $10. Besides, you can bring havoc to your body by substituting main meals with fries and burgers.  Make sure that you are getting food that will support healthy living. You can achieve this objective by preparing your food. It is much cheaper than relying on ready-made food.  Most parks in Australia provide public BBQ facilities free of charge. All you need to do is buy some veggies or meat from the local supermarket and get some grilling.  If grilling every day is not your thing, make good use of the available kitchens in the hostels. Use them to prepare your meals. You will realize a significant difference in your bank account.  4. Purchase Your Booze Bottle-O Bottle-O refers to the liquor shop or bottle shop. This store sells alcohol at a lower price than the ordinary bars. You will get affordable liquor deals in this place. Most budget drinkers like to go for the Goon, which is a cheap boxed wine.  5. Use A Private Vehicle to Commute  In Australia, you must get around by car if you want to explore the country. You can do it either by purchasing a vehicle temporarily or hiring a car for your travels. However, these two options can be slightly expensive.  You can use comparison sites such as Car Rental Buddy or Car Hire Choice to find and compare vehicles. Alternatively, you can opt for campervan hire from Camper Champ. You will not fail to get a cheap deal when it comes to commuting in Australia. 6. Travel On Greyhound Bus Most backpackers like to use this option as their preferred means of transport. It is among the cheapest modes of transportation in Australia.  You can get a travel pass for approximately $500. It will allow you to hop off and on as many times as you would like. It is an excellent way to view the fantastic scenery of Australia. The good news is that you will not spend so much on these journeys.  7. Participate In Homestays or Couch Surfing Accommodation in Australia is expensive, even for backpackers. So, if you want to explore Australia cheaply, take advantage of staying at homestays or even Couch-surfing in people’s homes. It will help you get free accommodation in exchange for cultural learning and community interaction. 8. Purchase A Campervan This option is best if you are traveling as a group. It will help you to spit the gas among yourselves. Driving via Australia is exciting, but you can still make your trip more enjoyable.  One way is to purchase a campervan in Cairns and then drive down to Melbourne or the other way around. Even though driving is more expensive than flying, you will stop anywhere you wish. Besides, if you have a big campervan, you can still use it for accommodation.  9. Have Fun by Participating in Active Hobbies Australians (particularly in the north) are known for their outdoor lifestyle. Therefore, you can join them and have a lot of fun outdoors. You will not spend lots of money when you pursue your hobby.  You can try scuba diving, snorkeling, skiing, bungy jumping, and a lot more, thanks to its vivid landscape and coexistence of various geologies. 10. Spend Most of Your Time with Nature Australia has so much when it comes to natural beauty, and this offers a free experience. You can get into the botanical gardens in Melbourne for free. Also, you will not pay anything to visit the beach.  You can also hike via the Royal National Park or Sydney’s Blue Mountains. You will not spend even a single cent when interacting with nature.  11. Hiking  There are several scenic walking trails in Australia that you can explore. Do you want to hike along the Australian coastline and admire the beaches? Or do you want to hike up mountains to get a view of the Australian landscape? You will be able to find an abundance of exciting hiking trails for your adventure. You will get excellent hiking opportunities at no cost in Australia.  12. Check out the Galleries and Museums Unlike the rest of the world, the galleries and museums of Australia are free to get in. Therefore, if you are tired of the outdoor experience and want to get a feel for the culture, museums are your best bet.  The best place to start is the National Gallery of Victoria. You can also try out the Art Gallery of New South Wales. Both locations will give you fantastic opportunities to tour Australia at budget-friendly rates.  13. Cycling In some cities, there are cycling initiatives that you can take advantage of while visiting Australia. In Brisbane, it is possible to cycle for up to half an hour for free using their city hire bike scheme. There are several cycling trails that you can also explore around the city. 14. Swimming At the Beach  Australia boasts thousands of kilometers of coastline where you can go swimming and enjoy yourself at the beach. Whether you decide to stop in a major city like the Gold Coast or head to a quieter town such as Airlie Beach, there will be an option for you. 15. Fishing  If you can get yourself some fishing rods, you can go fishing at a local creek, dam, river, or beach. 16. Barbecues One thing that is unanimous with all Australians is their love for an excellent outdoor grill. Having a barbecue meal with your travel group is also one of the most budget-friendly travel ideas in Australia. You can head to the supermarket and buy a loaf of bread and sausages for a tonner. You will enjoy a barbecue in the company of friends. Conclusion  These are just a few of the budget-friendly travel ideas in Australia. You don’t have to break the bank to have a good time. There are plenty of things to see and do in Australia. You must be open to the different experiences the region has to offer. From Kangaroo Island to the Barossa Valley, Australia has scenic beauty that you can soak in without burning a hole in your pocket. So, make a budget and stick to it to have a happy and hearty journey! Read Also : 4 Tips for First-time Travelers to Bali