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BY  Sibashree Jul 25, 2024

The wild heart of Katmai National Park harbors 14 active volcanoes. This national park of around 5 million acres surpasses the magnificence of the Grand Canyon National Park, and kayaking, canoeing, and hiking here are one-of-a-kind experiences.  One of the oldest national parks, Katmai National Park, was established in 1918. Novarupta Volcano eruption on 6th June 1912 was destructive, and preservation of the habitation around Mount Katmai was crucial.   The National Park Service website says,  “Lasting three days, the largest volcanic eruption of the twentieth century exploded June 6, 1912, from a new volcano, Novarupta. In the process, it created Katmai caldera and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. Not only have the 1912 events remained scientifically important ever since, but also the 1912 deposits continue to provide insights about volcanic and magmatic processes that impact us and the land we live in.” (Source)  Today, this national park is a living account of human history, and it is the home for brown bears and salmons. It is also one of the most popular destinations for volcanologists because it’s still active. Further, it has a handsome number of visitors every year, and in 2023, the number of footfall was 33,763. (Source)  Do you also want to explore this magnificent volcanic landscape? Let me be your guide.  Why Are So Many Volcanoes In Katmai National Park?   With “50 discrete volcanic vents,” Katmai National Park is the center of attention of many. But why does it have so many volcanoes?  Volcanoes in the Aleutian volcanic arc and Katmai National Park are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. “The Ring of Fire is home to 75% of the world's volcanoes and 90% of its earthquakes.” (Source)  Many call the Ring of Fire the Circum-Pacific Belt, and many tectonic plates meet here. Due to the constant movements of these plates (especially the subduction of the Oceanic Pacific Plate under the North American Plate every year), volcanic eruptions and earthquakes take place here.   Along with the eruption of  Novarupta-Katmai in 1912, there are also records of the eruption of Mount Trident from 1953 to 1974.   The latest volcanic eruption in Katmai happened with the venting of Fourpeaked Volcano in 2006. Here is an excerpt from a report published on the 2006 volcanic eruption of Fourpeaked Volcano.   “On September 17, 2006 Fourpeaked Mountain, a glacier-clad stratovolcano with no known Holocene activity, produced a plume of steam, ash, and SO2, which rose to 6000 m above sea level. The plume was observed by eye-witnesses, seen on weather radar, and also appeared in SO2-sensitive satellite imagery. Concurrent with the plume, regional seismic stations recorded a swarm of volcano-tectonic earthquakes while an atmospheric infrasound signal was recorded 800 km away. Air and ground reconnaissance revealed a linear series of vigorously steaming vents in the summit glacier, stretching about 1 km down the north flank of the volcano.”  So, are you ready to know about the active and rugged volcanoes in Katmai National Park. The next section gives you a detailed overview.   Know The Volcanoes In Katmai National Park  Volcanoes erupt for a short span if you study the entire timetable of a volcano. However, the eruption is only the outcome of activities that take place for years or even centuries. Similarly, the volcanoes in Katmai National Park have faced long intermittent periods between the occurrences of small and big eruptions.   Further, the volcanic activities and earthquakes taking place in Katmai due to tectonic movements have a major impact on human lives across generations.   Here, I present a brief overview of a few volcanoes out of the 14 in Katmai.  Mount Katmai  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF79ozS_kFA&t=33s Mount Katmai has recorded the highest explosive incidents in the Katmai volcanic cluster. Active for over 70,000 years, the two cones of Mount Katmai were beheaded due to the caldera collapse in 1912.    The eruptive products of Mount Katmai are varied in their compositions, including basalt and rhyodacite.   Mount Griggs Mount Griggs, the tallest peak in the district, is 2,530 m tall. Despite having young lava flows, some of the deposits in Mount Griggs are 290,000 years old.   The volcano is still active and you will get to see the yellow sulfurous steam around its summit.   Trident Volcano https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rQVsdsWsIA Trident Volcano is one of the older volcanoes in Katmai. From 1953 to 1974, Trident Volcano had many eruptions. However, the highest and the central volcanic cone of Trident Volcano has been lying dormant for around 10000 years.   Mount Mageik  Mount Mageik has four discrete eruptive centers covered with snow. However, glaciers have caused severe decay in three of these lava centers. It is a younger volcano in Katmai, with its lava aged between 4,000 and 93,000.   The last eruption of Mount Mageik happened 2500 years ago. It caused a crater between two Mount Mageik summits. Today, the crater is filled with an acid lake, exuding steam curls.   Alagogshak Volcano  Alagogshak stands at the southwesternmost corner of the Katmai volcanic cluster. It is also the oldest in the Katmai family of volcanoes. The lavas in this volcano are 40,000-680,000 years old.   Peak 6875, Snowy Mountain   Peak 6875 is a young dome made of dacite lava. The scoop-shaped peak looks like a natural amphitheater.    Spectacular Landscapes Created By Volcanic Activities In Katmai National Park   The volcanoes in Katmai have created some interesting landscapes, and their activities have encouraged geologists to explore the possibilities. Nonetheless, the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is the most prominent volcanic landscape in Katmai.   It is the work of the largest volcanic eruption in the 20th century. The Novarupta Volcano eruption on 6th June 1912 created this valley.   There are various exciting destinations in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. For the geologists and people studying volcanoes, Novarupta is the ultimate destination. The dome causing the massive eruption in 1912 still carries warm steam.   It is also the most colorful place in the valley, thanks to its kaleidoscopic views caused by the deposition of ash, pumice, and other minerals.   Another popular destination in the valley is the Buttress Range Ridge. Here, you will catch a glimpse of the extensive wildlife in Katmai. Along with the bears, you will also find ptarmigan, ground squirrels, and caribou.   Other fascinating spots to explore in this valley are Katmai Pass, Southwest Trident Lava Flows, Knife Creek Glaciers, Mount Katmai Caldera, Mageik Lakes, etc.   Did You Know?  Katmai has the largest population of protected brown bears in North America.  It is home to around 2000 creatures.  Robert F. Griggs, a botanist who named Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, played an active role in designating Katmai as a national park.  Dumpling Mountain offers the best view of Katmai National Park.  The annual Fat Bear Week in Katmai is a tournament-style competition, and online visitors can choose the winner of the tournament through voting.  Katmai National Monument was established in 1918. The redesignation of the protected and expanded area as a National Park happened in 1980.   Final Words   Active volcanoes add to the spectacle of Katmai National Park, and they attract the most adventurous souls across the globe.   The volcanoes are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, and they have an eruptive history, with the last incident occurring in 2006.   AOV, or the Alaska Volcano Observatory, is in charge of monitoring the activities of these volcanoes. It also records the incidents of eruptions from dedicated monitoring stations. Two webcams are also installed at Fourpeaked and Katmai for continuous vigilance of the volcanic landscape.   So, are you ready to visit Mount Griggs, Mount Katmai, and other volcanoes in Katmai National Park? Do you want to have an exciting encounter with wildlife? Don’t forget to share your experience with us!   Katmai National Park FAQs   How To Explore Katmai National Park?  You cannot reach Katmai National Park by road. You can take a floatplane from Kodiak, Anchorage, or Homer. Further, you can take a boat or floatplane from King Salmon.  Both routes lead to the Brooks Camp shore.   What Is Special About Katmai National Park?  Katmai National Park is known for its active and extensive volcanic landscape. It has 14 volcanoes. Further, it is the home to around 2000 species, including brown bears.   You can enjoy your time here by hiking through the trails or boating or canoeing.   What Type Of Volcano Is Katmai Mountain?  Katmai Mountain is a stratovolcano and it had two big cone-shaped volcanoes. The caldera collapse in 1912 beheaded the two cones.   What Wildlife Is In Katmai National Park?  Brown bears are the most popular animals in Katmai National Park. In fact, the national park has the largest population of protected brown bears in North America.   Moose, gray wolves, sea otters, and humpback whales are fascinating animals here. Overall, it is home to around 2000 species of creatures.   What Type Of Trees Are In Katmai National Park?  Sitka spruce, alder thickets, and willow are popular trees in Katmai. You will also find plants like lowbush cranberry, cow parsnip, labrador tea, and watermelon berries here.   Reference:  National Park Service: “Since 1916, the National Park Service has been entrusted with the care of our national parks. With the help of volunteers and partners, we safeguard these special places and share their stories with more than 318 million visitors every year. But our work doesn't stop there.”  Harvard University: “Harvard experts, researchers, and leaders all around the globe make contributions—from public health to conflict resolution—that transcend borders, forge connections, and strengthen communities.”  National Geographic: National Geographic is a “world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.”  Also read Plan A Day Trip to Dry Tortugas National Park: This Is How You Will Do It. Everglades National Park: The UNESCO Heritage Site With Its Quiet Beauty. Welcome To Biscayne National Park: Enjoy Kayaking and Canoeing At This Watery Wonder.

BY  Nabamita Sep 29, 2023

Australians and New Zealanders have learned to appreciate the pristine beaches, crystal-clear waters, and tropical adventures that the South Pacific has to offer. If you’re going on vacation, then look no further than the magical islands of Fiji because this destination has all the things that you need. See more about Australian-Fiji relations on this site here. Exotic birds, lush greenery, and refreshing beaches are just right on your doorstep, and it’s just a few days away from Brisbane or Sydney by ship. Explore these idyllic destinations at your own pace while enjoying the luxuries of a floating resort. However, before you set sail on this unforgettable journey, there are a few things to consider, and below are some valuable tips and insights to help you plan the perfect Fiji cruise experience. Whether it's choosing between small or large ships, or finding ways to save more on your voyage, below is some helpful information for you. Considerations for Your Fiji Cruise Year-round cruises are available, but the summer in Vanuatu, where it’s the most humid and hottest time is between November to March. Fiji temperatures can average between 26 to 31 degrees Celsius. Families with young children can be expected to be on board from December to January when the annual holidays are, so you might want to schedule your vacation when it’s not too busy. Itinerary Variety Islands in Fiji are more than 300, and only a hundred of them are inhabited. While it’s true that you can enjoy the resorts on each of them, you can only explore the rest by ship. Buying an exclusive yacht isn’t an option, but there are cruises in Fiji that can help you explore untouched destinations and off the beaten tracks. All of these can be done while you’re sleeping in comfortable cabins at night and waking up to a hot cup of coffee in the morning. Duration Choose among 12 or 17-night journeys and embark on either Auckland, New Zealand, or Sydney, Australia. This is going to give you enough time to visit popular ports like Mystery Island, Honolulu, Noumea, Suva, and Lautoka. Unwind in inhabited islands with underwater shipwrecks and beaches lined with coconut trees, or trek through the forest to feel the thunder of the Mele Cascades waterfall. Longer cruises often allow for more extensive exploration and give you ample time to immerse yourself in the beauty of Fiji, so don’t miss this opportunity. Activities and Excursions Snorkel at the beach and encounter sharks, and you can sail with the friendliest crew in Fiji. Small groups are guided by the crew and you’ll have the chance to feed the fish, get musical entertainment, view the turtles when in season, and get a delicious buffet lunch. Tribal face painting and fruit platters may also be onboard, depending on your chosen activities. Get a slice of paradise when you go into this ancient coral cay with its beautiful lagoon and surrounding fishes and experience the true meaning of tropical wonder. Onboard Amenities Are you looking for luxurious accommodations, fine dining options, or exciting entertainment choices? Sea-gazing is often the most popular, where the passengers have an obstructed view of the ocean in a glass-enclosed walkway. Others have slides that are not for the faint of heart, and other rides may also be available with splash areas that children can enjoy. Unique restaurants with affordable buffets or gourmets can also cater to your taste, so choose your ship well. Setting a Budget Basic room categories include the standard suites, balcony, and an outside view of the ocean. As you add more comfort, it becomes more expensive on the higher decks, where you can expect VIP access and exclusive amenities. Save money by going too early or late in the season and take a gamble with the weather. Look out for special deals or promotions that may help make your dream vacation more affordable. Small Ships vs Large Ships Cruisers may wonder about the difference in the size of the vessels when it comes to entertainment and dining choices. For those who don’t really mind the crowd, the best way to enjoy your luxury vacation in Fiji is through the big ships. It’s a big city where you can eat at different restaurants at night. There are endless possibilities where you can enjoy rope courses and see a lot of game shows and Broadway musicals. Rooms can be buzzing with extensive onboard activities such as pools, spas, casinos, and theatres, and there is never a dull moment in these floating resorts. They often feature spacious cabins with balconies for enjoying stunning ocean views, and you can read more about what to do at the ship at this link: https://www.escape.com.au/top-lists/top-tips-for-first-time-cruisers-11-things-ive-learnt-on-ships/image-gallery/c7a11bca07ecf3a65b7babf2d1d9da9a?page=1. Those who are on a honeymoon may prefer an intimate and personalized experience. With fewer passengers on board, you can expect more attentive service and the opportunity to form closer connections with both fellow travelers and crew members. The small groups also allow people to access remote locations that larger vessels cannot reach, giving you the chance to explore hidden gems and tropical havens. How to Save More on Your Cruise? As new ships are being built, the cruises are becoming more affordable as the years go by. With proper research, savvy spending, and adequate planning, you’ll have a trip that you can enjoy without breaking the bank. Here are some tips to help you out. High-demand cruise lines may publish a cheaper deal when they first sell their tickets, but there can be an increase as more people are buying them. When you have more flexibility, get an excellent deal around 90 days before the actual departure in Fiji and track the fares on various websites. Call an expert to see selections of staterooms and cabins. Booking through them can be helpful because they do most of the research for you, and they rarely charge extra for the knowledge. They also get specialized access to the sale price, which can save you money. Package deals that include flights, accommodations, and cruises all in one price are ideal, especially if you plan a lot of excursions while you’re in Fiji. These inclusions can sometimes provide better value than booking each component separately. Read Also: This Is The Best Time To Visit Iceland & These Are The Things You Should Do! Top 12 National Parks In Florida That You Must Visit Is Machu Picchu Closing In 2023? Know It All Here!

BY  Sibashree Sep 30, 2024

When we hear the term “desert,” we usually imagine a place with sparse traces of life. However, Big Bend National Park is an exception, creating a home for elk, black bears, squirrels, rattlesnakes, and woodpeckers.  Big Bend National Park also has oases created by single strands of cottonwood trees. Further, ephemeral springs, rocky canyons, highland shrubs, junipers, and grasses have contributed to the biodiversity of the park. So, did you see something moving in the bush? Let’s find out what it can be! A Vivid Wildlife Thrives At Big Bend National Park  Along with a never-ending variety of mammals and reptiles, the Big Bend National Park has the most butterflies, birds, scorpions, ants, and bats.  Also, various species of animals here play an important role in the ecosystem of the park. Further, a rich and sustainable food chain here keeps the diversity intact.  Mammals At Big Bend National Park Home to 75 species of mammals, Big Bend National Park shows an extraordinary variety of mammals you can see. Further, it is hard to believe how the tiniest Western pipistrelle bat and the largest black bear can coexist in a space.  Nevertheless, along with bobcats, black bears, and javelinas, you will also get to see mountain lions, coyotes, gray foxes, bighorn sheep, aoudad, nutria, and elk. Further, among the petite ones, the most common species here are lagomorphs, badgers, squirrels, and ringtails. Birds At Big Bend National Park If you are a birder and want to make the most of your bird-watching experience here, you must be at the right spot at the right time. So, the table below shows the bird-watching locations in the park and which bird species you will encounter there. Rio Grande Village Nature TrailGreen KingfisherNorthern cardinalGreen heronGolden-fronted WoodpeckerCommon black hawkChisos MountainsBlack-crested titmouseMexican JayNorthern flickerAcorn woodpeckerCottonwood CampgroundVermillion flycatcherGreat-horned owlBlack vultureLadder-backed WoodpeckerDugout WellsSummer TanagerAsh-throated flycatcherWhite-winged doveInca doveGreat roadrunnerSam Nail RanchScaled quailPainted buntingPyrrhuloxiaYellow-breasted chatGreen-tailed towheeBlue CreekBlack-throated sparrowLucifer hummingbirdMourning doveBlue grosbeakCactus wren Also, spring is the best time to visit Big Bend National Park if you want to encounter the most colorful birds. Further, in this season, some of the rarest migratory birds flock to this desert park. So, late February to May is the best time for bird watching in Big Bend National Park.  Amphibians At Big Bend National Park You will find a wide variety of amphibians along the Rio Grande floodplain and in many other parts of the park. However, the amphibians here mostly are different species of toads and frogs.  So, here is a list of toads and frogs in this national park. Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad Couch's spadefoot toad Red-spotted toad Green toad Spotted chirping frog Rio Grande leopard frog Canyon treefrog Texas toad These toads are frogs found near the lakes and springs in the park. Moreover, if you are camping in the park or exploring the backcountry camping at Big Bend in summer, you will hear these amphibians’s loudest cries at night.  Reptiles At Big Bend National Park https://www.instagram.com/p/C9fH6jROWXa/?img_index=1 The Chihuahuan Greater Earless Lizard in Big Bend National Park is one of the most colorful reptiles you will come across. Further, the males display a riot of colors, with a touch of orange, green, yellow, and brown all over their bodies.  However, this desert park harbors many other species of lizards and snakes. Check out the table below to learn about these species.  Lizards in Big Bend National ParkTexas Horned LizardRound-tailed Horned LizardEastern Collared LizardGreat Plains SkinkShort-lined SkinkGreen AnoleSouthwestern Fence LizardCrevice Spiny LizardSnakes in Big Bend National ParkTrans-Pecos CopperheadWestern CoachwhipWestern Diamondback RattlesnakeMojave RattlesnakeBlack-tailed RattlesnakeMottled Rock RattlesnakeBaird's Rat SnakeTrans-Pecos Rat SnakeRegal Ring-necked SnakeSonoran Gopher Snake, etc. Turtles in Big Bend National ParkYellow mud turtleBig bend sliderDesert box turtleTexas spiny softshell The warm climate and extreme heat in the summer season have made Big Bend National Park ideal for the habitation and breeding of various reptiles.  Fish At Big Bend National Park Finding schools of fish in a desert park like the Big Bend National Park is a little astonishing. However, the park is blessed with the Rio Grande and its tributaries. So, you can see fish in the Terlingua creeks and Tornillo.  Unfortunately, nine species of fish in the park are now extinct. Still, it has varieties, such as Big Bend Gambusia, catfish, largemouth bass, longnose dace, bluegill, green sunfish, and blue tilapia.  Do you know that the last American Eel was taken from Rio Grande in 1954? Further, Big Bend Gambusia is an endangered species, and it is now only found in a protected pond close to the Rio Grande Village.  Also, the invasive species of blue tilapia has now become a pest. So, many organizations are now against the further spread of this species.  Insects At Big Bend National Park  The two-tailed swallowtail caterpillar is the most adorable insect in the Big Bend National Park. Other insects found in the national park are black beetles, whirligig beetles, and yucca moths.  Yucca moths play a crucial role in the ecology of the Big Bend National Park. It is responsible for pollinating the creamy-white yucca flowers that bloom at night.  Further, in the Chisos Mountains, you will find beebrush plants where bumblebees, honey bees, and other species of bees roam around. Moreover, in the summer, you will find ladybugs on the peaks.  Other insects found at Big Bend National Park are: Tarantula hawks Millipedes (mostly seen after a rainfall) Diplopoda or two-footed insects Diplopoda is very vital for nutrient recycling in the Big Bend National Park. It creates burrows in the ground of around 1 or 1 and a half feet. Further, they feed on plant remains to return essential nutrients to nature.  A varied geology, including a river corridor, mountains, acres of Chihuahuan desert, and oases, has made Big Bend National Park rich in wildlife. This desert park has around 75 species of mammals and 450 species of birds. It is also home to more than 50 species of reptiles and many amphibians.  So, for a wildlife lover, this desert park in Texas is a sheer delight! Also Read Top 10 Most Popular Paraguay Food That You Must Try. Top 13 Famous Wonders Of India That You Must Visit! [Updated 2024]