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BY  Sibashree Sep 11, 2024

Kobuk Valley National Park is surreal! Have you ever thought to meet sand dunes in the Arctic Circle? The unique geology of the park makes it possible. That’s not all! The Great Kobuk sand dunes stand here, along with the remains of the North American continental glaciers.  Three of the sand dunes in this national park are active or alive. The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, Hunt River Dunes, and Little Kobuk Sand Dunes here cover a mesmerizing 20,000 acres of area in the park.   Today, hiking through these dunes is one of the most popular activities in the Kobuk Valley National Park.   While it is visually unusual or unexpected to see sand dunes in an Arctic National Park, you also need to understand that the Arctic region gets very little rainfall every year. So, this is also a desert region.   “Sand dunes in the Arctic landscape are not what you would expect. Since most people associate sand dunes with a hot desert environment, it is a visually unusual thing to see. In fact, what most people don't realize is that the Arctic is also a desert with very low levels of rainfall.”   - Christian, a Kobuk Valley National Park Worker  Having said that, how the sand dunes came to be here, and the experience of exploring them will be a great thing to discuss in this article.   This Is How The Kobuk Valley National Park Became The Land Of Sand Dunes   https://www.instagram.com/p/BWatGdVFuis/ Much of Alaska, including the Kobuk Valley National Park, falls in the Tundra region. Tundra, the coldest of the biomes, gets only around 150 to 250 mm of rainfall and snowfall yearly1. So, the national park has less rainfall than some of the most well-known deserts in the world.   Further, the sand dunes in the Kobuk Valley are as old as the Ice Age. Now, as the mighty glaciers moved forward and made a retreat, the rocks beneath got ground. Now, the blowing wind transported the sand into the empty and ice-free Kobuk Valley. The sand dunes in the park are up to 150 feet high, and they are the biggest, high-altitude, and most importantly, “active sand fields”  in the earth.   In The Land Of The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes  https://www.instagram.com/p/BgmZYDdAA_r/ Are you in the Sahara? No, you are around 35 miles above the Arctic Circle and still find the largest active sand dune field in the world. Today, it is a popular backpacking, hiking, and camping destination in the National Park. You must attend the Northwest Arctic Heritage Center to learn more about the outdoor pursuits in the land of sand dunes.  Let’s quickly look at why the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes is a preferred destination for camping, hiking, and backpacking.  The sand is steady enough for the landing of an aircraft with wheels.  You can put up your tent on any level surface.  Also, you can hike in any direction.  Further, you can board a float plane and reach the Kobuk River. From there, you can take a backpacking tour for around two miles and reach the dunes.  You must visit the Kotzebue Visitor Center if you have plans to take this backpacking journey to and from the Kobuk River.   There is no marked route for hiking.  In summer, the temperature in the sand dunes can reach up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Also, fall is the season to see caribou migration here.   However, there’s more to it! Let’s learn about the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes as relics of the Ice Age and how life thrived here.   Great Kobuk Sand Dunes: The Relics Of The Ice Age   https://www.instagram.com/p/BYwfdMYlr-0/ To know about the formation of the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, we must go back to the Ice Age. Around 28000 years ago, glaciers in the mountains formed. I have already discussed how the glaciers ground the rocks and wind deposited them in the Kobuk Valley.   Further, approximately 14000 years ago, the glaciers made a massive retreat. As a result, there were 200,000 acres of sandy land formation on the river banks. Complex holocene activities and geomorphic preservations keep the sand dune field at the Kobuk Valley National Park active or alive. Along with the Kobuk Valley, small lakes in the park have also accumulated sand over thousands of years.   However, most of the landscape today is occupied by the vegetation of the national park, and the sand dune area consists of only 20,000 acres. The vegetation found here consists of the following varieties.  Wild rye  Grasses  Sedges  Kobuk locoweed  Wildflowers blooming occasionally  These species grow on the shifting sand, and they function as stabilizing agents. You can see shrubs, lichens, mosses, and algae following this vegetation. Finally, there are spruce, birch, and aspen trees covering the landscape.    The slopes of the Kobuk Valley sand dunes are the only place where Kobuk locoweeds grow. These plants belong to the pea family, and they are known for their purple flowers. If you want to see these flowers, you must visit the park in late June and July.   The inland dune field of Kobuk Valley National Park is surrounded by boreal forest.   Humans And Wildlife In The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes  https://www.instagram.com/p/Cv0EhpdLsJ5/ It’s amazing to see the Western Arctic Caribou walking through the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes. Fall and spring are the migration seasons for these animals. The north of Brook Range is the caribou herd’s calving ground, and they migrate to and from this place.   As the caribou herds pass through the sand dunes, their footprints remain in the ground for the longest time. According to National Park Service data, around 250,000 caribou pass through this national park annually.   No wonder that the Kobuk Valley National Park is one of the “last great migrations” remaining in the world. The table below gives you a brief idea about the animals and birds in the sand dunes.  Birds Sharp-shinned Hawk Golden Eagle Bald Eagle American Wigeon Northern Pintail Rough-legged Hawk Marsh Hawk Mammals Caribou Wolverine Muskox Snowshoe Hare Moose Gray Wolf Grizzly Bear Beaver Arctic Fox American Pine Marten Amphibians Wood Frog Fish Longnose Sucker Salmon* Northern Pike Alaska Blackfish Alaska Whitefish Humpback Whitefish Alaskan Stickleback Ninespine Stickleback  Human history in the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes is at least 8000 years old. They lived by the Kobuk River and were mainly focused on fishing, hunting, and trapping for survival. It is fascinating to visit the thousand-year-old hunting camps on the edges of the sand dunes.  The golden and shifting Great Kobuk Sand Dunes are located a few miles away from the Kobuk River. Further, the sand dunes soar up to 100 miles in the air.   Kobuk Valley National Park Is Also The Land Of Iñupiaq Subsistence  https://www.instagram.com/p/BWdjyOBl_Lw/ Human life, which started in the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes 8000 years ago, is still thriving with the mantra of subsistence. The Iñupiaq people here use the available natural resources to fulfil their physical needs and safeguard their spiritual and cultural requirements.   For example, they depend on caribou and salmon to feed themselves and their dogs. At the same time, caribou skin hide is extensively used to make parka jackets to combat Arctic winter. They also make mukluks or boots using reindeer skin to walk through the snow.   Further, the local people made baskets using birch and willow. Moreover, in darkness, caribou tallow or seal oil were the only ingredients to light up their stone lamps.   Irrespective of the trade with the coastal communities, the “customary, traditional and non-commercial” use of natural resources is still important in the park.   Iñupiat Ilitqusiat And Respecting The Ecosystem   https://www.instagram.com/p/CzjboNfsc4Y/ Aboriginal people in the Kobuk Valley National Park are committed to passing on their values from generation to generation. The Iñupiat Ilitqusiat value asks them to transfer the knowledge and skill of hunting and everything about life.  In addition, this transfer of knowledge helps to make the most of various seasons and subsistence opportunities. For example, the caribou season comes to this park after the salmon season.   Earlier, Noatak Valley was the destination for these people during the caribou season, and even today, some families move to Noatak Valley. Again, summer camping around the Kobuk River is common for fishing, especially catching salmon and whitefish.   Summer is also the season for harvesting berries and wild greens for the local people.  If you want to learn about the local people and their values, you must be respectful and understand their seasonal activities as a part of their subsistence practices.   Overall, the Kobuk Valley National Park is not just a place to see sand dunes and wildlife. It is a tapestry of human lives depending on nature.   Things To Know Before You Visit The Kobuk Valley National Park   For me, the sand dunes and Iñupiaq subsistence practices are the most fascinating things in the Kobuk Valley National Park. However, keep the following information handy if you are to pay a visit anytime soon.   Mode of Transport: Authorized air taxis from Kotzebue or Bettles  Visitor Center: Northwest Arctic Heritage Center  Entrance Fee: Free  Permits Required:  Commercial Use Authorization or CUA for commercial activities, Research Permits, Filming and Photography Permits  Activities to Do: Boating, fishing, camping and backpacking, hiking, flight-seeing and exploring nearby attractions  Best Time to Visit: June to July   Area: 1,750,000 Acres  Established: 2nd December, 1980  Number of Visitors: 17,616 (2023) (National Park Service Data)  Snowfall, downpours, and extreme weather conditions can occur in any season of the year. So, follow the instructions shared at the visitor center and keep your gear ready for survival!  

BY  Sibashree Sep 5, 2024

The Lassen Volcanic National Park is an underrated hub of geothermal wonders and intriguing landscapes. Endless trails in the park and the rugged beauty make it a favorite of hikers and campers. Do you also want to know where to stay near Lassen Volcanic National Park?   This national park has limited lodging options. However, if you are into outdoor pursuits and want to make the most of this national park, the home to the largest plug dome volcano in the world, camping and glamping are the best options for you.   This park has a combination of basic and developed campgrounds. Further, you can try backcountry camping to encounter the wilderness. Are you in for the fun?  Pack your bags, and find the most adventurous accommodation near Lassen Volcanic Park.   Where To Stay Near Lassen Volcanic National Park?   Drakesbad Guest Ranch and Manzanita Lake Camping Cabins are two of the most comfortable options for anyone looking for where to stay near Lassen Volcanic National Park. Further, Drakesbad Guest Ranch is the only “hotel-like” lodging facility.  However, Drakesbad Guest Ranch will remain closed throughout 2024. It is still under recovery after the rampage of the 2021 Dixie Fire breakout.   At the same time, the Manzanita Lake Camping Cabins only remain open from late May to mid-October. So, camping and glamping are the best options if you want to stay near Lassen Volcanic National Park.   Camping Near Lassen Volcanic National Park  Among the seven campgrounds in the Lassen Volcanic National Park, only four will remain open in 2024. Also, the remaining four are undergoing recovery work, and hence, they are not suitable for lodging or camping.   The table below shows a list of camping sites in the Lassen Volcanic National Park and their availability for the season. It’s time to know where to stay near Lassen Volcanic National Park.   Name of the Camping Site  Availability  Butte Lake Single Sites Group Sites Stock Corral Juniper Lake Closed for 2024 Lost Creek Group Open Manzanita Lake Single Sites Camping Cabins Summit Lake North Sites South Sites Southwest Campground Southwest Parking Warner Valley Closed for 2024.   Before you choose a campground for you, you must focus on the kind of activity you want to explore. For example, if you want to enjoy the best amenities, kayaking, and take a rejuvenating shower, the Manzanita Lake campground will be the best for you.   Further, if you want to enjoy the best hydrothermal activities and are a recluse by nature, the Warner Valley Campground will be an excellent pick for you. Also, the Southwest Campground is the only campground that remains open throughout the year.   Amenities Available At Lassen Volcanic Park Camping Sites   You can divide the amenities available for Lassen Volcanic Park camping into four categories. So, let’s have a look at the chart below to learn about the amenities in detail.  Amenities & Services  Availability  Campsite Picnic Table Fire Ring Bear-Resistant Storage Locker Hard-Sided Vehicle Campground Spigots (Except Juniper Lake) Drinking Water Sinks (Except Juniper Lake) Flush Toilets Utility Sinks for Dish Washing Trash Receptacles/Recyclables  Camper (Manzanita Lake Area) Laundromat Showers Food Supplies Souvenirs from Mid-May through Mid-October Dump Station Accessibility (Manzanita Lake A32 and B9, Butte Lake A6, and North Summit Lake A-1) Wheelchair Restrooms   You can get additional camping services at Kohm Yah-mah-nee Visitor Center near the Southwest Campground. Here, you will find camping services, food, and souvenirs.   Further, you can get laundromat and shower facilities in the Warner Valley Areas and Juniper Lake from the town of Chester.   Backcountry Camping Near Lassen Volcanic Park   The major part of the Lassen Volcanic Park  is a “designated wilderness.” You will need a wilderness permit to camp in these locations. Further, you will have to follow the “Leave no Trace Principles” to minimize human impact on these camping grounds and keep their natural conditions unadulterated.   Under these “Leave No Trace” principles, you must ensure that:  You need to do advanced and detailed planning for the backcountry camping.  Also, traveling and camping are only allowed on surfaces that are durable.  You must dispose of your waste properly.  You cannot litter.  Avoid touching historical statues and artifacts.  Ensure that the campfires you lit have minimized impacts.  Be respectful to wildlife.  Respect other visitors.  Along with adhering to these Leave No Trace Principles, you will also have to abide by the backcountry camping rules and regulations.   If you are carrying firearms or weapons, you will have to carry the California Concealed Weapons Permit. You cannot hunt or use Bear Spray in this park.  You can use a bear-resistant storage container to keep these wild animals at bay. Moreover, you cannot use a woodfire, bicycles, or pets for backcountry camping. Also, keep your group smaller (less than 10 people) to get permission for backcountry camping.   Glamping Near Lassen National Park    With changing amenities, camping near Lassen National Park has become more glamorous. There has been a new concept of glamping. It allows you to encounter wilderness with all the amenities indoors.   Let’s have a look at the glamping accommodations available.   Little House In The Big Woods   This is a humble 5-acre glamping accommodation for people who want to know where to stay near Lassen Volcanic National Park. This glamping station has potable water, toilets, and camping facilities.   The tariff here starts from $99 per night.   Camp Almanor At Big Springs   https://www.instagram.com/p/CrCmRT-r2Y0/ Camp Almanor at Big Springs is one of the most luxurious accommodations where your pets can accompany you. As the name suggests, you can cherish the pristine beauty of Lake Almanor from this camp. Further, it has toilets and potable water facilities.  However, the rent for this glamping accommodation is quite high, and the tariff starts from $175 per night.   Camp Becausewecan  In Quincy, California, it is one of the pet-friendly glamping accommodations near Lassen Volcanic Park. Further, this 17-acre private property also has amenities like campfires and potable water.   The rent for this accommodation starts from $40 per night.   Story Creekside Retreat   It is one of the most reasonable glamping accommodations near Lassen Volcanic Park. The best thing about this accommodation is that it has Warner Creek running through it.   It is a pet-friendly glamping site, with a tariff starting from $25 per night.   Final Words   Is there anything else you want to know about where to stay near Lassen Volcanic National Park? Put up a camp or try glamping to make the most of this national park, boasting unique hydrothermal features.   You will find all four types of volcanoes here. Also, meadows, forests, and mountain lakes will present the most versatile landscape in front of you.   So, get ready to admire the rugged beauty of the park during the daytime and its tranquil beauty at night. Once you come back, don’t forget to share your camping experience with us!   Where To Stay Near Lassen Volcanic National Park (FAQs)  Can You Camp Free In Lassen Volcanic National Park?   No, you cannot camp free in Lassen Volcanic National Park. You will have to pay around $1 to $21 to put up camps at any of the chosen campgrounds. Dry campgrounds without basic amenities like water or flushing toilets come at a cheaper rate.  However, if you are looking for free campsites, you must explore the dispersed camping options at the Lassen National Forest.   These camping sites do not offer standard amenities. Further, you must adhere to the “No Trace Policy” while leaving the campsites.   How Long Should You Stay At Lassen Volcanic Park?   You can stay from one to three days in Lassen Volcanic Park based on what kind of trekker or explorer you are. However, if you want to minutely observe the diverse landscape of the park, the entire expedition may take you around a week.   On the first day, you can try hiking on the Bumpass Hell Trail. You will encounter various hydrothermal activities on this trail, which is the largest geothermal area in the park. The geothermal water here is green or emerald blue in color. Further, the rocks and soil here have orange or yellow colors because of the minerals present in the hydrothermal water.  On the second day, you can visit Kings Creek Falls and enjoy an immersive experience at Lake Manzanita. In addition, you can reserve the night for some essential spiritual and psychological activities such as stargazing.  Are you a seasoned hiker? You can keep your third day in the park hiking the Lassen Peak Trail. Also, you can dedicate the 3rd day to know the exotic wildlife at this national park. Remember that it’s home to around 300 species of vertebrates.   Do You Need A Permit For Lassen Volcanic Park?   You will not need a permit to stay in the Lassen Volcanic Park, provided you are camping on the established campgrounds. Also, a permit is not required when you are hiking in the park.   However, if you have plans for backcountry camping, you will need a permit. To collect the wilderness permit, you will have to visit the recreation.gov website. It is the only channel for obtaining the wilderness permit.   Further, for the wilderness permit, you will have to pay a non-refundable amount of $6 as an administration fee to recreation.gov. Also, if you are over 16 years old, you will need to pay $5 for each trip.   Also read Top 10 Most Popular Paraguay Food That You Must Try. 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BY  Abdul Aziz Dec 23, 2023

A tour of Los Angeles will include a walk through a large, palm tree-lined cemetery. Tributes to Hollywood's dark past can be found lurking among the city's soiled streets, well-kept lawns, and dusty canyons. These include long-abandoned mansions and the famous Hollywood sign. The City by the Bay, San Francisco, is a tourist haven. San Francisco attracts nearly 15 million tourists a year with attractions like Fisherman's Wharf, Alcatraz tours, the Golden Gate Bridge, and Haight Ashbury. But this new American city is not without its dark side. It has a history of kidnapping, fraud, terrorism, assassinations, and serial killings. Here is a short dissection of the most dangerous cities in California. We are also including a few of the most well-known crimes committed in various parts of the state. Most Dangerous Cities In California The list below comprises the incorporated municipalities of California with some of the highest crime rates. These cities have a population of 50,000 at best. Here are the most dangerous cities in California: Stockton San Bernardino Oakland Compton Richmond Lancaster Vallejo Modesto Victorville Huntington Park Criminal History Of California America is a land of dreams for the biggest chunk of the global population. California is a hub of technological and social zenith. No one expects it to hold out on dark secrets and scandals. According to the FBI, the most dangerous cities in California have a lot of twisted history. Here are some of them. The Assassinations of Harvey Milk and George Muscone, San Francisco City Hall The newly appointed class of city supervisors in 1978 was the most diverse in the history of San Francisco. Dan White, a staunch conservative and former police officer and firefighter, and Harvey Milk, the freshmen supervisor and gay activist, were the two men in this class. Even though Milk and White had different political and lifestyle philosophies, they developed a cordial working relationship. But this relationship quickly turned deadly and hostile. With ten extra bullets and a.38 caliber handgun, Dan White entered City Hall on November 27, 1978, intending to confront Mayor Muscone face-to-face. Muscone shot him after he once more rejected to be reinstated. When White realized how much Harvey Milk had contributed to the incident, he went to his office and brutally murdered Milk. On that day, Dan White admitted to the crimes. The strategy employed by White's defense team during the trial was nearly as well-known as the crimes done. The "Twinkie defense" contended that White's extreme sugar and carbohydrate intake before the crime caused his mental instability. The narrative concludes where it started: after receiving his sentence, White went back to San Francisco and committed suicide. The Kidnapping of Patty Hearst, Hibernia Bank The Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) kidnapped 19-year-old Patty Hearst from her family's condo on February 4, 1974. Patty is the great-granddaughter of business tycoon George Hearst and the granddaughter of publishing mogul William Randolph Hearst. She and multiple other SLA members later pilfered a Hibernia Bank branch. Patty, brandishing an M-1 carbine, declared her membership in the SLA. A single innocent person lost their life, and the SLA fled with more than $10,000. Although Patty and her friends managed to get away, the FBI quickly found them. In 1976, Hearst went on trial. Attorneys for Patty contended that she developed Stockholm syndrome—a psychological reaction in which she started to feel sorry for her captors—out of fear for her life. Despite being found guilty, President Carter commuted her sentence in 1979. President Clinton fully pardoned Patty Hearst in 2001. Hearst continues to insist that she was brainwashed and that her crimes were those of a victim of the SLA's mental manipulation. Golden Dragon Massacre, Imperial Palace The Imperial Palace restaurant, formerly known as the Golden Dragon, is located in the center of San Francisco's Chinatown. One of the worst nights in San Francisco's history took place in this restaurant under this name. The organized crime networks that dominated Chinatown's underground market gave rise to two competing teenage gangs: the Wah Ching and the Joe Boys. The Golden Dragon presented the Joe Boys with a chance to assassinate the Wah Ching leaders. Eleven innocent people were hurt, and five innocent people died; neither gang member was hurt. The Washington Street restaurant is still marred by the aftermath of this tragic night. Three of the five Joe Boys members who were detained, found guilty, and sentenced to prison are still incarcerated. The Asian gang task force of the San Francisco police department was established because of the massacre. The Imperial Palace is still operational and offers delicious dim sum. USS Hornet A moored aircraft carrier at the Alameda Naval Base is among the world's most haunted ships—not a pirate ship sailing the high seas. Commencing in 1943, the eighth USS Hornet engaged in numerous combat missions throughout the Pacific. Over 300 people died on board during her 27 years of active duty, many of them from suicide. Although the ship is not in operation at the moment, both the crew and guests have paranormal stories about things moving, doors opening on their own, toilets flushing, and even spectral sailors prowling the decks. The Zodiac Killer The San Francisco area was the scene of one of the most well-known unsolved crimes in history. This crime scene single-handedly made every corner of the state dangerous. About 40 miles northeast of the city, on Lake Herman Road in Benicia, California, the infamous killing spree started. David Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen, two high school students, were discovered dead next to their parked car on December 20, 1968. No witnesses were present. Darlene Ferrin and Michael Mageau were shot dead by an unidentified assailant in Vallejo, California, on July 4, 1969. Mageau lived, but Ferrin perished from her wounds. From a pay phone, the gunman called the police, boasting about his crime with pride. Three local newspapers received letters in their offices on August 1, 1969. The Zodiac Killer would become well-known for his trademark symbol, which was signed by all of the letters, which came from the same source, and all claimed to be the murderer. The murderer insisted on having his letters made public. That year on September 27, two more people came under attack. Zodiac moved his murderous rampage from Napa into the City of San Francisco on October 11, 1969. And Zodiac pulled over his taxi driver at the Presidio Heights intersection of Cherry and Washington Streets. Zodiac eluded capture by the police even inside the city. Zodiac persisted in his letter-writing campaign to the San Francisco media for almost ten years. There were many boasts and threats in each letter, but not all of them came to pass. He said he had killed seventeen people in one of his final letters. This killer's identity is still a mystery, and the crime is still unsolved. Wrapping Up The Hollywood sign, which once read Hollywoodland, is where aspiring starlet Peg Entwistle leaped to her death in 1932. (It's said that her ghost roams the trails in nearby Griffith Park.) Los Angeles feels somber, maybe because so many people come here with high hopes, and the city is hesitant to welcome every new face. The brief career of Ms. Entwistle as a siren and her premature passing at the age of 24 serve as a symbol of the peculiar contrast of the city: it is dazzling yet sinister, alluring yet menacing. There's dirt and secrets in the graveyard just beneath the shiny surface. If you know where to look, you can see the duality of glitter in the dark everywhere in the city, from Compton to Hollywood. Thankfully, a whole industry of tourism deals in the gritty side of the city for those who are interested in noir. If you have thoughts to share or questions to ask about the most dangerous cities in California, please leave a comment below. We would love to hear from you!. Read Also: Heatwaves And Adventure: Traveling To The World’s Hottest Destination From Sunrise To Sunset: A Day’s Itinerary For Exploring Benidorm Hidden Gems: Unearthing The Best Things To Do In Nottingham