Vietnam Vistas: A Seasonal Guide To Crafting Your Vietnamese Adventure

BY  Sibashree Sep 11, 2024

Kobuk Valley National Park is surreal! Have you ever thought to meet sand dunes in the Arctic Circle? The unique geology of the park makes it possible. That’s not all! The Great Kobuk sand dunes stand here, along with the remains of the North American continental glaciers.  Three of the sand dunes in this national park are active or alive. The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, Hunt River Dunes, and Little Kobuk Sand Dunes here cover a mesmerizing 20,000 acres of area in the park.   Today, hiking through these dunes is one of the most popular activities in the Kobuk Valley National Park.   While it is visually unusual or unexpected to see sand dunes in an Arctic National Park, you also need to understand that the Arctic region gets very little rainfall every year. So, this is also a desert region.   “Sand dunes in the Arctic landscape are not what you would expect. Since most people associate sand dunes with a hot desert environment, it is a visually unusual thing to see. In fact, what most people don't realize is that the Arctic is also a desert with very low levels of rainfall.”   - Christian, a Kobuk Valley National Park Worker  Having said that, how the sand dunes came to be here, and the experience of exploring them will be a great thing to discuss in this article.   This Is How The Kobuk Valley National Park Became The Land Of Sand Dunes   https://www.instagram.com/p/BWatGdVFuis/ Much of Alaska, including the Kobuk Valley National Park, falls in the Tundra region. Tundra, the coldest of the biomes, gets only around 150 to 250 mm of rainfall and snowfall yearly1. So, the national park has less rainfall than some of the most well-known deserts in the world.   Further, the sand dunes in the Kobuk Valley are as old as the Ice Age. Now, as the mighty glaciers moved forward and made a retreat, the rocks beneath got ground. Now, the blowing wind transported the sand into the empty and ice-free Kobuk Valley. The sand dunes in the park are up to 150 feet high, and they are the biggest, high-altitude, and most importantly, “active sand fields”  in the earth.   In The Land Of The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes  https://www.instagram.com/p/BgmZYDdAA_r/ Are you in the Sahara? No, you are around 35 miles above the Arctic Circle and still find the largest active sand dune field in the world. Today, it is a popular backpacking, hiking, and camping destination in the National Park. You must attend the Northwest Arctic Heritage Center to learn more about the outdoor pursuits in the land of sand dunes.  Let’s quickly look at why the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes is a preferred destination for camping, hiking, and backpacking.  The sand is steady enough for the landing of an aircraft with wheels.  You can put up your tent on any level surface.  Also, you can hike in any direction.  Further, you can board a float plane and reach the Kobuk River. From there, you can take a backpacking tour for around two miles and reach the dunes.  You must visit the Kotzebue Visitor Center if you have plans to take this backpacking journey to and from the Kobuk River.   There is no marked route for hiking.  In summer, the temperature in the sand dunes can reach up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Also, fall is the season to see caribou migration here.   However, there’s more to it! Let’s learn about the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes as relics of the Ice Age and how life thrived here.   Great Kobuk Sand Dunes: The Relics Of The Ice Age   https://www.instagram.com/p/BYwfdMYlr-0/ To know about the formation of the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, we must go back to the Ice Age. Around 28000 years ago, glaciers in the mountains formed. I have already discussed how the glaciers ground the rocks and wind deposited them in the Kobuk Valley.   Further, approximately 14000 years ago, the glaciers made a massive retreat. As a result, there were 200,000 acres of sandy land formation on the river banks. Complex holocene activities and geomorphic preservations keep the sand dune field at the Kobuk Valley National Park active or alive. Along with the Kobuk Valley, small lakes in the park have also accumulated sand over thousands of years.   However, most of the landscape today is occupied by the vegetation of the national park, and the sand dune area consists of only 20,000 acres. The vegetation found here consists of the following varieties.  Wild rye  Grasses  Sedges  Kobuk locoweed  Wildflowers blooming occasionally  These species grow on the shifting sand, and they function as stabilizing agents. You can see shrubs, lichens, mosses, and algae following this vegetation. Finally, there are spruce, birch, and aspen trees covering the landscape.    The slopes of the Kobuk Valley sand dunes are the only place where Kobuk locoweeds grow. These plants belong to the pea family, and they are known for their purple flowers. If you want to see these flowers, you must visit the park in late June and July.   The inland dune field of Kobuk Valley National Park is surrounded by boreal forest.   Humans And Wildlife In The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes  https://www.instagram.com/p/Cv0EhpdLsJ5/ It’s amazing to see the Western Arctic Caribou walking through the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes. Fall and spring are the migration seasons for these animals. The north of Brook Range is the caribou herd’s calving ground, and they migrate to and from this place.   As the caribou herds pass through the sand dunes, their footprints remain in the ground for the longest time. According to National Park Service data, around 250,000 caribou pass through this national park annually.   No wonder that the Kobuk Valley National Park is one of the “last great migrations” remaining in the world. The table below gives you a brief idea about the animals and birds in the sand dunes.  Birds Sharp-shinned Hawk Golden Eagle Bald Eagle American Wigeon Northern Pintail Rough-legged Hawk Marsh Hawk Mammals Caribou Wolverine Muskox Snowshoe Hare Moose Gray Wolf Grizzly Bear Beaver Arctic Fox American Pine Marten Amphibians Wood Frog Fish Longnose Sucker Salmon* Northern Pike Alaska Blackfish Alaska Whitefish Humpback Whitefish Alaskan Stickleback Ninespine Stickleback  Human history in the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes is at least 8000 years old. They lived by the Kobuk River and were mainly focused on fishing, hunting, and trapping for survival. It is fascinating to visit the thousand-year-old hunting camps on the edges of the sand dunes.  The golden and shifting Great Kobuk Sand Dunes are located a few miles away from the Kobuk River. Further, the sand dunes soar up to 100 miles in the air.   Kobuk Valley National Park Is Also The Land Of Iñupiaq Subsistence  https://www.instagram.com/p/BWdjyOBl_Lw/ Human life, which started in the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes 8000 years ago, is still thriving with the mantra of subsistence. The Iñupiaq people here use the available natural resources to fulfil their physical needs and safeguard their spiritual and cultural requirements.   For example, they depend on caribou and salmon to feed themselves and their dogs. At the same time, caribou skin hide is extensively used to make parka jackets to combat Arctic winter. They also make mukluks or boots using reindeer skin to walk through the snow.   Further, the local people made baskets using birch and willow. Moreover, in darkness, caribou tallow or seal oil were the only ingredients to light up their stone lamps.   Irrespective of the trade with the coastal communities, the “customary, traditional and non-commercial” use of natural resources is still important in the park.   Iñupiat Ilitqusiat And Respecting The Ecosystem   https://www.instagram.com/p/CzjboNfsc4Y/ Aboriginal people in the Kobuk Valley National Park are committed to passing on their values from generation to generation. The Iñupiat Ilitqusiat value asks them to transfer the knowledge and skill of hunting and everything about life.  In addition, this transfer of knowledge helps to make the most of various seasons and subsistence opportunities. For example, the caribou season comes to this park after the salmon season.   Earlier, Noatak Valley was the destination for these people during the caribou season, and even today, some families move to Noatak Valley. Again, summer camping around the Kobuk River is common for fishing, especially catching salmon and whitefish.   Summer is also the season for harvesting berries and wild greens for the local people.  If you want to learn about the local people and their values, you must be respectful and understand their seasonal activities as a part of their subsistence practices.   Overall, the Kobuk Valley National Park is not just a place to see sand dunes and wildlife. It is a tapestry of human lives depending on nature.   Things To Know Before You Visit The Kobuk Valley National Park   For me, the sand dunes and Iñupiaq subsistence practices are the most fascinating things in the Kobuk Valley National Park. However, keep the following information handy if you are to pay a visit anytime soon.   Mode of Transport: Authorized air taxis from Kotzebue or Bettles  Visitor Center: Northwest Arctic Heritage Center  Entrance Fee: Free  Permits Required:  Commercial Use Authorization or CUA for commercial activities, Research Permits, Filming and Photography Permits  Activities to Do: Boating, fishing, camping and backpacking, hiking, flight-seeing and exploring nearby attractions  Best Time to Visit: June to July   Area: 1,750,000 Acres  Established: 2nd December, 1980  Number of Visitors: 17,616 (2023) (National Park Service Data)  Snowfall, downpours, and extreme weather conditions can occur in any season of the year. So, follow the instructions shared at the visitor center and keep your gear ready for survival!  

BY  sagnika Jun 24, 2023

Are you making plans to travel someplace? Are you wondering is spirit airlines safe when you are booking flights? Read this article to learn more by evaluating reviews of spirit airlines. Spirit Airlines, Inc. has its headquarters situated in Florida. In recent times, the company has been in discussion with JetBlue Airlines in relevance to acquisition. The company's expansion in the last few years has led to it covering more than 30 countries worldwide. In the recent past, Spirit Airlines has faced penalties from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for violating federal regulations based on placards, seat markings, and cabins. Due to the different issues identified in the airlines and their functionality, the brand is experiencing a loss. Is Spirit Airlines Safe? - Answered Here Spirit Airlines is one of the most used airlines in the United States due to its low budget. The airline has been in operation for 20 years now, and it is one of the most convenient and affordable options for people trying to travel within a set budget. The flights provide a comfortable experience for all the passengers who book their flights with Spirit Airlines. The low-cost carrier ensures that all passengers are safe, and they try to provide excellent services. Due to the low cost, it is often asked how safe is spirit airlines. In recent reviews of Spirit Airlines, there have been some questions regarding the safety of the airline's services. People are asking is spirit airlines safe? The operations have been expanded over the years leading to certain customer satisfaction issues. What Are Spirit Airlines? Spirit Airlines, inc. was founded in 1983 under Charter One Airlines, and operations commenced in 1990. The airline's fleet size is 197 and covers 83 destinations in total. Spirit Airlines is an ultra-low-cost airline and is a United States-based airline. The airline operates flights between Latin America, the Caribbean, and the United States. By 2020, Spirit Airlines had been identified as Northern America's eighth-largest passenger airline. Spirit Airlines is also the only largest low-cost carrier in North America; initially, it was quite in demand. However, with the passing years, there have been some serious concerns about the safety of the passengers. Ownership The company is owned by Delaware Corporation, which has been traded publicly on the New York Stock Exchange. Previously the organization's headquarters was in Eastpointe; however, in 1999, it moved to Miranman, Florida. In 2019 the company announced that it was planning to move its headquarters to Dania Beach, Florida; however, there has yet to be a confirmation. Business Model The business model of spirit airlines can be described as fee-based, where low ticket prices are used to reel customers in. However, the low price is only for the ticket you buy. People ask why is spirit airlines so cheap? It is not. The ticket is priced less while the additional charges come from services such as snacks, water, carry-on bags, checked baggage, and seat selection. Through the non-ticket revenue, the low-cost carrier acquires half of its total revenue per passenger. In a financial report for 2022, it was observed that Spirit Airlines have way more surprise fees that they do not disclose before you book a ticket. Headquarters Their headquarters are quite cheap, and neither do they invest in maintenance, leading to serious money saving. Apart from the surprise fees, the organization has integrated some strategies to say money, such as using a single family of aircraft. Streamline training leads to a decrease in chain costs. A streamlined fleet will mean more effective service because the all-Airbus fleet is new hence, more efficient fuel use. The gates are used more than other airlines, leading to more flights in a day. Services The airline company has Free Spirit, a frequent-flyer program designed for flyers who frequent Spirit Airlines. The frequent flyers also have a three-tier program providing services for collecting qualifying points for frequent flyers. These points can be utilized while booking flights in a calendar year. The airline uses an all-Airbus fleet with economy classes and big front seats. The airlines provide services in the form of customization, giving customers freedom. In a single day, the airline operates around 500 flights, covering over 60 places in and around the Caribbean, U.S., and Latin America. Further services include Free Spirit points, a Spirit Savers Club, and a Free Spirit MasterCard. Reviews On Spirit Airlines According to the ratings on ConsumerAffairs, Spirit Airlines has been rated 1.1 out of 5 based on 114 reviews. 97% of the total reviews have been 1, which shows the significant dissatisfaction of airline customers. Are spirit airlines safe is a valid concern for passengers. Even after being a low-cost carrier, people are dissatisfied with the services and the financial requirements. Customers have cited refund issues, extra charging for handbags and checked baggage, complaints against staff for rude behavior, etc. Another review on FlightDeck gives a 3.5 out of 5 for Spirit Airlines based on expensive additional baggage fees, additional charges for all aspects of travel, and poor customer service. So to answer is spirit airlines safe? The verdict is still pending. How To Know If An Airline Is Safe? Passengers' first concern when selecting an airline is always safety. Even though it can be challenging to gauge an airline's level of safety, there are numerous resources available that provide useful details about the company's track record and dependability. Examining its safety record is one method to obtain credible proof. You can evaluate the number of significant incidents that have happened as well as how the airline handled them by looking at actual statistics and data. Additionally, observe the carrier's safety procedures and policies to determine whether they adhere to international aviation standards. For the benefit of its member airlines, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) established certain safety guidelines for air travel. To make sure it complies, you can do a little research. That may serve as a gauge for how much an airline values safety. In addition, you are required to heed any safety briefings and adhere to the airline's safety instructions. Have faith in the crew and flight attendants. They are skilled at what they do. Leave your possessions behind in an emergency; the safety of you and others should always come first. It takes research and analysis to determine whether an airline is safe. When deciding which airlines to trust with your travel arrangements, you can feel more confident if you take the time to compare and assess. How Does Spirit Airlines Compare To Others? American airline Spirit was established in 1980 with a focus on low-cost travel. With its main office located in Miramar, Florida, the airline offers affordable flights to various US destinations. It serves international flights to Europe and the Caribbean in addition to domestic flights. Spirit's business model is built around the no-frills approach, meaning that extras are not included in the goal of providing an inexpensive travel service. Reduced amenities such as meals, in-flight entertainment, and checked baggage add up to a significantly cheaper total. As a result, Spirit Airlines offers significant savings if you're ready to give up some luxuries. Prepare yourself by packing light, bringing food, and purchasing tickets in advance to avoid extra fees. But if you'd rather have a more comfortable experience, you can also opt to pay for extras like snacks or more legroom. Controversy There have been issues in the form of massive cancellations. 2018 on May 7th, the airlines canceled 300 flights in a day. It led to 30000 stranded passengers only because there was a shortage of pilots. Further, on May 8th, 180 flights were canceled, one of the highest numbers of canceled flights by a carrier. The refund amount crossed $60 million, which is a significant impact on their profitability. Safety Issues There have been some serious issues concerning safety. Not just because it is a low-budget carrier but also because there have been experiences informing that the staff and the pilots' low wages impact their behavior and performance. Has spirit airlines ever crashed? Yes it has. The carrier has had brutal accidents over the past years, confirming the passengers' fear. One of the notable incidents was the Flight 587 crash in 2001. 260 people aboard were killed, while 5 people on the ground were dead shortly after the flight took off from JFK Airport, New York. Other crashes by the same airlines have been fatal, leading to the death of 275 people. Based on the reviews, people who have had the experience of traveling by Spirit Airlines do not consider the experience of flying via Spirit Safe. Conclusion Read this article if you plan on booking Spirit Airlines for travel and what issues you might face in the process. Before you ask is spirit airlines safe, you should know the cons to decide whether to proceed with the bookings? Please let us know if you have used Spirit Airlines in the comments below about your traveling experience. Read Also: Everything About Breeze Airways: Breeze Airways Reviews, Features, And More! 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BY  Abdul Aziz Dec 23, 2023

A tour of Los Angeles will include a walk through a large, palm tree-lined cemetery. Tributes to Hollywood's dark past can be found lurking among the city's soiled streets, well-kept lawns, and dusty canyons. These include long-abandoned mansions and the famous Hollywood sign. The City by the Bay, San Francisco, is a tourist haven. San Francisco attracts nearly 15 million tourists a year with attractions like Fisherman's Wharf, Alcatraz tours, the Golden Gate Bridge, and Haight Ashbury. But this new American city is not without its dark side. It has a history of kidnapping, fraud, terrorism, assassinations, and serial killings. Here is a short dissection of the most dangerous cities in California. We are also including a few of the most well-known crimes committed in various parts of the state. Most Dangerous Cities In California The list below comprises the incorporated municipalities of California with some of the highest crime rates. These cities have a population of 50,000 at best. Here are the most dangerous cities in California: Stockton San Bernardino Oakland Compton Richmond Lancaster Vallejo Modesto Victorville Huntington Park Criminal History Of California America is a land of dreams for the biggest chunk of the global population. California is a hub of technological and social zenith. No one expects it to hold out on dark secrets and scandals. According to the FBI, the most dangerous cities in California have a lot of twisted history. Here are some of them. The Assassinations of Harvey Milk and George Muscone, San Francisco City Hall The newly appointed class of city supervisors in 1978 was the most diverse in the history of San Francisco. Dan White, a staunch conservative and former police officer and firefighter, and Harvey Milk, the freshmen supervisor and gay activist, were the two men in this class. Even though Milk and White had different political and lifestyle philosophies, they developed a cordial working relationship. But this relationship quickly turned deadly and hostile. With ten extra bullets and a.38 caliber handgun, Dan White entered City Hall on November 27, 1978, intending to confront Mayor Muscone face-to-face. Muscone shot him after he once more rejected to be reinstated. When White realized how much Harvey Milk had contributed to the incident, he went to his office and brutally murdered Milk. On that day, Dan White admitted to the crimes. The strategy employed by White's defense team during the trial was nearly as well-known as the crimes done. The "Twinkie defense" contended that White's extreme sugar and carbohydrate intake before the crime caused his mental instability. The narrative concludes where it started: after receiving his sentence, White went back to San Francisco and committed suicide. The Kidnapping of Patty Hearst, Hibernia Bank The Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) kidnapped 19-year-old Patty Hearst from her family's condo on February 4, 1974. Patty is the great-granddaughter of business tycoon George Hearst and the granddaughter of publishing mogul William Randolph Hearst. She and multiple other SLA members later pilfered a Hibernia Bank branch. Patty, brandishing an M-1 carbine, declared her membership in the SLA. A single innocent person lost their life, and the SLA fled with more than $10,000. Although Patty and her friends managed to get away, the FBI quickly found them. In 1976, Hearst went on trial. Attorneys for Patty contended that she developed Stockholm syndrome—a psychological reaction in which she started to feel sorry for her captors—out of fear for her life. Despite being found guilty, President Carter commuted her sentence in 1979. President Clinton fully pardoned Patty Hearst in 2001. Hearst continues to insist that she was brainwashed and that her crimes were those of a victim of the SLA's mental manipulation. Golden Dragon Massacre, Imperial Palace The Imperial Palace restaurant, formerly known as the Golden Dragon, is located in the center of San Francisco's Chinatown. One of the worst nights in San Francisco's history took place in this restaurant under this name. The organized crime networks that dominated Chinatown's underground market gave rise to two competing teenage gangs: the Wah Ching and the Joe Boys. The Golden Dragon presented the Joe Boys with a chance to assassinate the Wah Ching leaders. Eleven innocent people were hurt, and five innocent people died; neither gang member was hurt. The Washington Street restaurant is still marred by the aftermath of this tragic night. Three of the five Joe Boys members who were detained, found guilty, and sentenced to prison are still incarcerated. The Asian gang task force of the San Francisco police department was established because of the massacre. The Imperial Palace is still operational and offers delicious dim sum. USS Hornet A moored aircraft carrier at the Alameda Naval Base is among the world's most haunted ships—not a pirate ship sailing the high seas. Commencing in 1943, the eighth USS Hornet engaged in numerous combat missions throughout the Pacific. Over 300 people died on board during her 27 years of active duty, many of them from suicide. Although the ship is not in operation at the moment, both the crew and guests have paranormal stories about things moving, doors opening on their own, toilets flushing, and even spectral sailors prowling the decks. The Zodiac Killer The San Francisco area was the scene of one of the most well-known unsolved crimes in history. This crime scene single-handedly made every corner of the state dangerous. About 40 miles northeast of the city, on Lake Herman Road in Benicia, California, the infamous killing spree started. David Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen, two high school students, were discovered dead next to their parked car on December 20, 1968. No witnesses were present. Darlene Ferrin and Michael Mageau were shot dead by an unidentified assailant in Vallejo, California, on July 4, 1969. Mageau lived, but Ferrin perished from her wounds. From a pay phone, the gunman called the police, boasting about his crime with pride. Three local newspapers received letters in their offices on August 1, 1969. The Zodiac Killer would become well-known for his trademark symbol, which was signed by all of the letters, which came from the same source, and all claimed to be the murderer. The murderer insisted on having his letters made public. That year on September 27, two more people came under attack. Zodiac moved his murderous rampage from Napa into the City of San Francisco on October 11, 1969. And Zodiac pulled over his taxi driver at the Presidio Heights intersection of Cherry and Washington Streets. Zodiac eluded capture by the police even inside the city. Zodiac persisted in his letter-writing campaign to the San Francisco media for almost ten years. There were many boasts and threats in each letter, but not all of them came to pass. He said he had killed seventeen people in one of his final letters. This killer's identity is still a mystery, and the crime is still unsolved. Wrapping Up The Hollywood sign, which once read Hollywoodland, is where aspiring starlet Peg Entwistle leaped to her death in 1932. (It's said that her ghost roams the trails in nearby Griffith Park.) Los Angeles feels somber, maybe because so many people come here with high hopes, and the city is hesitant to welcome every new face. The brief career of Ms. Entwistle as a siren and her premature passing at the age of 24 serve as a symbol of the peculiar contrast of the city: it is dazzling yet sinister, alluring yet menacing. There's dirt and secrets in the graveyard just beneath the shiny surface. If you know where to look, you can see the duality of glitter in the dark everywhere in the city, from Compton to Hollywood. Thankfully, a whole industry of tourism deals in the gritty side of the city for those who are interested in noir. If you have thoughts to share or questions to ask about the most dangerous cities in California, please leave a comment below. We would love to hear from you!. Read Also: Heatwaves And Adventure: Traveling To The World’s Hottest Destination From Sunrise To Sunset: A Day’s Itinerary For Exploring Benidorm Hidden Gems: Unearthing The Best Things To Do In Nottingham