Kootenay National Park Or The Land Of Ice And Fire (Experiencing Nature’s Game Of Contrasts)

BY  Sibashree Jan 5, 2026

For me, the Jaffna food tour was like walking into the locals' way of life. If the Jaffna temples show how the city is sincere about its culture, the food, and the art of having it, they show how rooted the entire Tamil community in Jaffna is.  How they mix the rice and curry with their right hands and consume the food is an art you will love, and it is the way to truly appreciate the flavor profile.  Furthermore, Jaffna has maintained its spicy soul in food despite years of colonization by European forces and civil wars. The Tamil cuisine here is not similar to the coconut-milk-rich curries you find in South India. Also, they use roasted spice powder instead of raw ones.  From the first bite, my taste buds knew it, and the no-frills service at restaurants made me feel comfortable and concentrate only on the steaming hot food.  So, do you want to try these authentic Jaffna dishes and experience how this Northern Sri Lankan city preserves an authentic Tamil culture? Read my complete Jaffna Sri Lanka Travel Guide, where I talk about an inclusive and hospitable city.  Jaffna Food Tour For Breakfast: What To Eat And Where To Eat?  The streets of Jaffna smell of freshly made Indiappa, steamed rice noodle nests, and Puttu, a steamed cylinder of rice flour and coconut. The acidic and mildly sweet taste of these dishes goes well with spicy black chickpea curries, Pol Sambol, and Onion Sambol.  You can also definitely have Pol Roti or coconut Roti and Dosas for breakfast. Here are the places that you can visit for breakfast in Jaffna. 1. Malayan Café: The Old World Charm View this post on Instagram A post shared by りかරිකා (@rk_itooo) The Malayan Cafe at C Ponnampalam Road is the best place to have Indiappa in Jaffna. It tastes great with Pol Sambol and Sothi or coconut milk gravy. This eatery has marble tables and old photos on display. So, it almost feels like time travel. It remains open from 7:30 AM to 9 PM, and on Saturdays, it opens at 8:30 AM.  They served me food on banana leaves and in steel utensils. Also, remember that they only accept cash. 2. The Red Rice Puttu Experience I tried the red rice puttu at a small local eatery. These eateries are called Saapadu Kades in the local language. I was blown away by the earthy and subtly sweet taste of the puttu.  The spicy chickpea curry perfectly complemented it. I also tried some Babat (Tripe) curry and fish kool.  The Lunch Stops And Specials  The food of Jaffna and Northern Sri Lanka has become so popular that Peter Kuruvita now conducts a food tour of the region. A tour of the Jaffna Market and attending the local cultural dance here is a prominent part of his food tour itinerary.  However, this tour offered by the Australian Chef is expensive, and you will have to spend between AUD 1885 and 6720 to be a part of the tour.  As a budget traveler, you can see much more and experience the food scene here better by walking around the city and talking to the locals.  There is so much authenticity in these DIY tours. Also, one great thing about the lunch staples in Jaffna is the variety. While the crab curry gets all the glory, there is something very comforting about the Sattvik food served here, including rice, different types of curries, and dal.  Let’s find out what to eat and where to eat.  1. Jaffna Crab Curry Jaffna crab curry is just the way I want to have the crab. It needs to be spicy and hot without adulterating the authentic taste of a crab. I had the crab curry at Cosy Hotel & Restaurant on Stanley Road.  However, let me tell you that Cosy Hotel is expensive, and I did not mind because we were a group of 5, travelers bonded over food, and our local guide. If you are traveling solo, the pocket-pinch will be around USD 20.  You can even try the crab curry at the small eateries in the streets of Jaffna. They don’t “look” impressive, and you may raise eyebrows about the hygiene. Still, they serve piping hot food, and the locals have it. So, they are safe. 2. Vegetarian Thali On A Banana Leaf At Nallur Bhavan During my temple visit in Jaffna, I found the Nallur Bhavan very close to the Nallur Kovil. They serve Sattvik food on banana leaves and in steel plates.  Most people were having  Dosa here. However, I had some Chilli Kothu Parotta, and it was yum.  For a more comforting and filling experience, you can try rice with rasam and different types of sabzi here. The restaurant opens from 7 AM to 10 PM, and you can contact them at +94-212225556.  Evening Snacks And Cool Downs In Jaffna  The evenings in Jaffna are suitable for ice creams and snacks like Vadai. Check out where to find them.  1. Rio Ice Cream View this post on Instagram A post shared by Rio Ice Cream (@official.rioicecream) Rio Ice Cream at Point Pedro Road is an iconic institution if you want to try the signature Jaffna-style dessert. The Special Rio Sundae with neon jelly, nuts, and ultra-sweet syrup is out of this world.  It’s great for me or anyone with a sweet tooth, but if you are up for something milder, it may be too sweet to appease your cravings.  The Rathinam Industrial Organisation (RIO) opened its doors in 1970. So, tasting the ice cream here is like cherishing the 55-year-old heritage of a city.  So, what Rio offers is nostalgia and not a gourmet experience.  Don't go to Rio Ice Cream expecting Italian Gelato. It is sugary, gelatinous, and nostalgic. Go for the authentic cultural experience of seeing 500 locals enjoying it on a Friday night. 2. Point Pedro Vadai View this post on Instagram A post shared by JNS Kitchen 🔵 (@jns.kitchen) This is a deep-fried savory snack that comes in a disc shape. It is a crispier, crunchier, and thinner version of the South Indian Vada you have been eating so far. Also, with each bite of the vadai, you will get a taste of chillies, whole cumin, and curry leaves.  The street carts near the Nallur Temple are the best places to buy these Point Pedro Vadai.  Dinner In Jaffna  Are you looking for something comforting and hearty for dinner in Jaffna? Let’s gorge on Odiyal Kool and Dosa. 1. Odiyal Kool Or The Seafood Soup View this post on Instagram A post shared by Kandy Bites by Chef Ceylon (@kandy_bites_) This is the dish that makes you understand the power of slow cooking in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. It is Jaffna’s take on seafood soup with palmyra root flour, crab, cuttlefish, and prawns as the main ingredients.  Odiyal Kool is not fast food. It is a slow-cooked seafood bisque thickened with Palmyra flour. It takes around 3-4 hours to cook Odiyal Kool. So, if you want to have it for dinner, you must pre-order.  2. Dosa Jaffna serves many other variations of Dosa, along with the typical Plain Dosa and Masala Dosa we are familiar with. For a richer culinary experience, you can try the Ghee roast Dosa.  Also, you can choose a healthier version with Siri Dhaniya, made with multiple millets. Adai Dosa is a protein-rich variation of Dosa with ingredients such as Urad Dal, Channa Dal, and Toor Daal. It has dried cumin and chillies.  Kondakadalai Dosa is a different take on the Adai Dosa, and here, kondakadalai or white chickpeas are the main ingredients. Vegan Food Options In Jaffna  Some authentic vegetarian dishes in Jaffna are also vegan. So, if you are a vegan and you want to try the authentic local food, Jaffna will be your paradise.  You can have steamed rice and curry made with long beans, drumsticks, spinach, and dhai. These coconut-milk-based curries are simple and flavorful.  Dosa and Idli are, of course, the Tamil staple any vegan can eat. These are made using rice and lentils. Ponggal, a savory rice dish, and pumpkin and tapioca dishes are the other variations you can try in Jaffna. Nallur Bhavan and Malayan Cafe are the two reliable places to have vegan food in Jaffna.  Essential Jaffna Food Vocabulary  Want to know about the local names of Jaffna food and their spice levels? Have a look at the table below.   Tamil Name (தமிழ்)English DescriptionSpicy Levelசோறு (Sōru)Steamed RiceNoneகறி (Kari)Spicy Curry with Vegetables/Fish/Chicken/Meat/Crabs and Other SeafoodMild to Hotமீன் குழம்பு (Mīn Kuzhambu)A Fish Curry with Spices and TamarindHotநண்டு குழம்பு (Naṇḍu Kuzhambu)Jaffna Crab CurryVery Hotஇறால் கறி (Iṟāl Kari)Prawn CurryMedium to Hotகோழி கறி (Kōḻi Kari)Chicken CurryMedium to Hotஆட்டு கறி (Āṭṭu Kari)Mutton/Goat CurryMedium to Hotஒடியல் கூழ் (Odiyal Kūḻ)Palmyrah Root Flour Rich Seafood SoupMildஒடியல் பிட்டு (Odiyal Pittu)Steamed Palmyrah Flour & Coconut DishNoneபிட்டு (Pittu)Steamed Rice Flour and Coconut DishNoneதோசை (Dōsai)A Crispy Pancake Made with Fermented Rice PasteNone (Can be Customized)இடியாப்பம் (Idiyāppam)String Hoppers or Rice NoodlesNoneசாம்பார் (Sāmbār)A Lentil and Vegetable Curry with Tamarid Pulp. Ideal for Having with Dosa, Idli, or Rice.Mild to Mediumரசம் (Rasam)Tamarind and Pepper Soup to be Had with Rice or Idlis. Mildசம்பல் (Sambal)A Relish Made of Chillies and Fresh CoconutHotதேங்காய் சம்பல் (Thēṅgāy Sambal)Coconut SambalMedium to Hotபால்சம்பல் (Pāl Sambal)Sambal with Coconut MilkMediumவறுவல் (Varuval)Dry-fried Seafood or MeatHotபொரியல் (Poriyal)Stir-fried Vegetables Mildஅப்பம் (Appam)Fermented Rice HoppersNoneவடை (Vadai)Deep-fried Lentil FrittersMild to Medium  A DIY Jaffna Food Tour: Listen To What The Experts Are Saying  Are you planning to have Indiappa or string hopper for lunch or dinner? You may not find them unless you have pre-ordered somewhere. It is a breakfast staple.  So, when you are new to Jaffna, you need to be familiar with the local customs about food and eating. 1. You Cannot Fear The Ghee In Jaffna Jaffna Dosas, in many restaurants, are served drenched in ghee. The use of ghee or clarified butter makes the dish more flavorful and richer. It also makes the Dosas more filling.  2. The “Bone” Warning When you are having chicken or mutton curry in Jaffna, you will get pieces chopped with bones in them. The bones release the flavor into the curry, and sucking the marrow out of the bone (for mutton) is the ultimate pleasure the locals relish.  So, you must be mindful while chewing your food.  3. Wash Your Hands Before You Sit Jaffna can be yout guide for “Eating with Hands 101.” Every hotel or restaurant has a wash basin so that you can wash your hands thoroughly before or after eating your food.  If you are confused about how to eat the mix of rice and daal, follow how the locals are doing it.  4. Jaffna Foods Are Really Spicy Jaffna foods are hot and spicy. So, if you have a poor stomach, a buttermilk drink (Chanch) or lassi (sweet buttermilk) is going to be your savior. Also, always choose the “mild” option.  In fact, the dishes in Jaffna are way spicier than the ones in Colombo. Foods that are red hot in Colombo are labelled as “medium spicy” in Jaffna.  5. Point Pedro Vadai Lasts Weeks Point Pedro Vadai are harder and crispier. So, unlike the soft vadai, which becomes inedible in a day, the Point Pedro Vadai lasts more than a week.  So, these are even great for carrying when you are traveling. You can also take these snacks back home as souvenirs.  6. Look For The "Hotel" Sign Small restaurants in Jaffna or Sri Lanka are often labelled as hotels. These are humble places for having tea, snacks, lunch, or dinner.  Do not expect any lodging facility there unless separately mentioned.  7. Sunday Closure Jaffna is fairly conservative. Many authentic local spots may close or have limited menus on Sundays or Poya days. Authority Voices On Jaffna Food: People Who Know It The Best  “Jaffna cuisine is the untamed sibling of Sri Lankan food. The Crab Curry here isn't just a dish; it's a ceremony of spice and sweat.” - Peter Kuruvita (Chef & Author). “The flavor of the roasted curry powder in Jaffna is unlike anything else in the world. It hits you with an aroma that is deep, smoky, and incredible.” - Mark Wiens (Food Vlogger). Jaffna Food Tour: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)  Here are the frequently asked questions and answers about the Jaffna food tour. 1. What Is The Most Famous Dish In Jaffna? Jaffna crab curry is the most famous dish in Jaffna. It is cooked using murunga or drumstick leaves. Also, the curry is fiery with roasted spices. However, for a more comforting experience, Odiyal Kool or the slow-cooked seafood is a close second for me. While this soup is also quite spicy, the spiciness is balanced with the use of tamarind pulp and jackfruit seeds, tapioca, and long beans, which add flavors and texture to the dish. 2. Is Jaffna Food Suitable For Vegetarians? Yes, due to the strong presence of Hindu Culture, Jaffna has suitable vegetarian and vegan options. You will find Rasam, different types of daal, curries, or Sabzies made with pumpkin, drumsticks, beans, chickpeas, tapioca, and more. Even the basic Idlis and Dosas are vegetarian and vegan-friendly food options. Nallur Bhavan, Mangos Indian, and Vishnu Bhavan are some of the best options for having vegetarian food in Jaffna.  3. Is The Food Spicier Than In The South? Yes, the food in Jaffna and the northern part of Sri Lanka is spicier than the food in the south. So, despite the use of coconut milk or tamarind pulp, your taste buds can have the heat of black pepper and dried chillies. So, what you say is fiery hot in Colombo is actually medium spicy in Jaffna. Also, the heat of the spice and the flavors are so prominent because the spices are first roasted and then turned into a paste before being used in curries. In this context, you must know that Jaffna Market is the ideal place for buying roasted spices and everything that makes Jaffna food stand out. Bring home essentials such as roasted curry powder, dried chillies, and palmyra jaggery. You can even enrich your kitchen by bringing home things like palmyra root flour and some tubar snacks home.  4. Where Can I Drink Alcohol With My Meal? Jaffna has a conservative society, and they are true to their culture. So, you will not find alcohol in the local eating houses. You have to visit hotels like the Valampuri Hotel or specific bars such as Machang Jaffna at Station Road if you want to have alcohol. Remember, alcohol in Jaffna is more expensive than in other parts of Sri Lanka. However, you can talk to the locals and try Arrack or local beer.  5. What Is Odiyal Kool? Odiyal Kool is a seafood soup and a dinner staple in Jaffna. This soup has vegetables, prawns, crabs, and a generous amount of roasted spices. The flavor balance in the soup comes from the use of coconut milk in the gravy. Also, the gravy is made thicker by adding palmyra root flour.Furthermore, this dish is made using a slow cooking method, and at least 3-4 hours are needed to make this dish.  6. Can I Drink The Tap Water? No, you cannot drink the tap water in Jaffna. There are chances of bacterial contamination. Furthermore, groundwater contamination is very common in the Jaffna Peninsula. There can be a massive presence of chemicals due to agricultural and other human activities. In addition, the groundwater of Jaffna has high limestone content. So, when you are in Jaffna, you must only drink packaged or bottled drinking water.  7. What Is The Best Time To Visit Malayan Café? The best time to visit Malayan Café is between 8:00 AM and 10:00 AM. It is the time for the freshest breakfast buzz.Also, having a glass of filter coffee here early in the morning can lead to a great start to your day.  8. How Much Does A Meal Cost In Jaffna? The cost of your meal in Jaffna will depend on the place you are having the food from. For example, if you are having Dosa or Vada from a street food vendor, it will cost around $1-2. Furthermore, if you are having a full crab curry meal at a decent budget-friendly restaurant, the cost will be around $10.  9. What Is "Jaffna Curry Powder"? You can identify Jaffna curry powder from its rich red color and strong aroma. The heat in this spice blend comes from the copious use of roasted red chillies, cloves, and black pepper. The earthy flavors these spice mixes bring come from the following roasted spices. • Turmeric• Black Pepper• Cumin• Coriander• Cardamom• Cinammon• Fennel• Fenugreek• ClovesYou can also add roasted mustard powder and roasted curry leaves paste to make the flavor profile even richer. This spice mix gives the food in Jaffna the signature heat and earthy taste.  10. Do I Need To Tip In Jaffna? If you are having food at small Kades or local street stalls, you can just round up the bill to show your appreciation. DosaHowever, if you are having food at Mangos or any other big restaurant here, a 10% tip is appreciated.   

BY  Barsha Feb 11, 2023

Are you craving some good old Salvadoran food? Are you wondering how to find the best Salvadoran restaurants near you? No, typing ‘Salvadoran food near me’ on Google won’t help you. But we sure can - you just have to keep faith in us because we have managed to track down the best Salvadoran restaurants in Los Angeles! Stay tuned to find out! Top 7 Salvadoran Food Near Me In Los Angeles As we just mentioned asking Google about ‘Salvadoran food near me’ won’t help, but scrolling down will definitely help. So without wasting any time, keep reading to find out about the best Salvadoran restaurants close to you in Los Angeles! 1. Pupuseria Los Angeles: cloudfront.net One of our favorite Salvadoran restaurants has to be this food truck! Yes, Pupuseria Los Angeles is just a food truck, but you get really tasty food here. Also, they have great reviews from both regulars and newcomers. Review By Annalise Panthofer: One of my favorite food trucks ever! Lots of vegetarian options, always made fresh and served HOT. I am so going to miss this when I leave Milwaukee. Pro tip: because they are made fresh, order ahead to save some time waiting. If you don't call ahead, I can guarantee that the pupusas are WELL worth the wait. 2. Pupuseria Y Restaurante Salvadoreno: Image Source Pupuseria Y Restaurante Salvadoreno is one Salvadoran restaurant in LA that never disappoints. It’s a laid-back restaurant serving some great traditional Salvadoran dishes - from Carne Guisada to Pupusas, you will find everything here. Review By Ang G: We often ordered takeout from this place at my job, and then they closed for remodeling. They reopened recently, and we went to see them in person. They did not disappoint. The carrot and cheese are a favorite, but everything is good. Plantains, frijoles, and fried chicken looked amazing, everything was fresh and served hot. The wait was a little long, but the service was excellent. Worth the drive! 3. El Salvador Restaurant: Image Source Are you still trying to do the ‘Salvadoran food near me’ search? Then stop and just head over to El Salvador - what a perfect place to try out Salvadoran cuisine for the first time! A low-key restaurant, El Salvador serves both Mexican and Salvadoran dishes. Review By Cherry Baby: Delicious pupusa place. I was hungry and in the area and decided to stop by. I walked in, not placing an order on the phone since I was so close. They had my pupusas out, hot and fresh, in about 10mins. They were very tasty and seasoned well. The horchata was delicious. The price was reasonable, and thru had a large menu. I would recommend and would return it. 4. La Esquina Salvadoreña Restaurant Bar: Image Source If you are tired of searching ‘Salvadoran restaurant near me’ on Google, then don’t waste your time on such searches anymore. Instead, just check out La Esquina Salvadoreña Restaurant Bar, instead. You will not just love the place, but you will also come back for the food. Review By John Connelly: I decided to be adventurous and try something new. The food was absolutely delicious and reasonably priced. We had the chicharron to start and had just the right amount of crunch. My lady had the pupusas with cheese and chorizo, she was very pleased. I had the grilled steak, which was so tender that I didn’t even need a knife to cut it. Even the drinks (horchata & jamaica) and dessert (tres leches cake) were perfect. I will no doubt be coming back soon. 5. Pupuseria El Salvador, CA.LLC: cdn4dd.com Pupuseria El Salvador, CA.LLC is one of our favorite Latin food joints that serves traditional and classic Salvadoran dishes - from seafood to stuffed tortillas, you will find it all here! It’s one of those small places you definitely won’t find from ‘Salvadoran restaurants near me’ types of searches! Review By Honeydoll Jess: Service is always great. The food is just tasty, flavorful, fresh, and addicting. They always give you more than enough condiments and utensils with napkins. This is one of my favorite places to eat. The price is right, and so are the portions. Who doesn't love a good authentic taco? 6. La Cuscatleca South: Image Source We literally stumbled upon La Cuscatleca South while following the whole ‘Salvadoran food near me’ search results. And truly, what a great find! Moreover, the place has got crazy reviews - you just have to visit this restaurant to understand what we are trying to say. Review By Brian T: While there is no sign on Fleur to highlight the location, the food speaks for itself. We had the papussa's which were excellent. Melissa, our server, was beyond words. Thoughtful and fun while providing insight into the menu. I would highly recommend La Cuscatleca. We'll be back. Omg, this place is an amazing hidden gem! 7. Pupusita Express: cloudfront.net From empanadas and pupusas to tacos, Pupusita Express has it all! Nope, you don’t have to type ‘restaurant Salvadoran on google - just save time and hit this crazy restaurant. You will also find some delicious Mexican food here - this restaurant is a must-visit for all foodies! Review By Missy W: Been going here for years back when they were in Lake Zurich, and I always will! I feel like I’m eating at my friend's house, where they serve up casual but fresh comfort food. The chicken Picante tamales are what I normally order; they are delicious! I love the curtido and casamiento and always take home the platanos fritos. It’s great to have the Salvadoran flavors because Mexican restaurants are a dime a dozen. 8) Mama’s International Tamales: Mama’s International Tamales is a Latinx-owned restaurant that offers a range of traditional flavors along with a plant-based menu. Their vegan tamales, including cheesy jalapeño and jackfruit verde, have earned them a spot on PETA's top Latinx-owned vegan restaurants list. The restaurant's plant-based cheeses and proteins are developed by the owner Claudia Lopez and her mother. In addition to the vegan options, the non-plant-based menu features chicken and chicken verde tamales and pupusas. They even offer a vegan pan con “pollo” made with jackfruit stewed in a recaudo sauce that's infused with spices, herbs, and chiles. Review by Marilyn E: I'd be lying if I said we didn't already love their food from trying them at vegan events but we have wanted to come to their brick and mortar to try some new things they don't offer at the pop ups. We were not disappointed! Papusa as always was great and can't beat Curtido on the side. Tamales were delicious. Asada torta was excellent and got nice and crispy in the air fryer for leftovers. Pan sin pollo was ok but I wouldn't get it again because I just prefer their asada a lot more but I love that it comes with curtido. Their platanos were also very good. Pastelitos are probably my new favorite thing from their menu. I would go to the brick and mortar just to get those! So do yourself a favor and go try everything! 9) Los Molcajetes (Temple): For more than four decades, this traditional Salvi restaurant has been famous for its scrumptious and beautifully presented molcajetes, which are filled with meat and vegetables. The branch in Historic Filipinotown gives a unique twist to the classic pan con pollo, a chicken sandwich. A generous French bread roll is filled with succulent and tender chicken that has been stewed in recaudo, a highly flavorful sauce made with tomatoes, spices, herbs, and roasted chilies. The recaudo's boldness is balanced by a mix of curtido (relish), tomato, cucumber, and berro (watercress), and the sandwich is topped with a dollop of crema Salvadoreña, making it a delicious treat. Review by JPL0626: Love it. Love it. We were on vacation and randomly chose this restaurant. We ordered nine different foods for three of us. We wanted to try some of everything. We were pleasantly satisfied with everything we tried. Everything from empanadas to pupusas to atole was prepared fresh and brought to the table spread out over the hour meal. Prices are very good. Service was excellent. If you like traditional Latin American food, this is the place to go. And It’s A Wrap! So, now you know which are the best Salvadoran restaurant close to you in Los Angeles - so much better than typing ‘Salvadoran food near me’ on Google and waiting for results. There are just way too many results - instead, save this article and checkout some of the best restaurants serving classic Salvadoran food in Los Angeles. Don’t forget to share your thoughts and experiences about trying out this popular cuisine in the comments below. Read Also: Top 12 Perdido Key Restaurants – Reviews & Budget 12+ Best Restaurants In Belfast Maine – Reviews & Budget 10 Best Restaurants On Sanibel Island – Tour And Travel Guide

BY  Sibashree Sep 11, 2024

Kobuk Valley National Park is surreal! Have you ever thought to meet sand dunes in the Arctic Circle? The unique geology of the park makes it possible. That’s not all! The Great Kobuk sand dunes stand here, along with the remains of the North American continental glaciers.  Three of the sand dunes in this national park are active or alive. The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, Hunt River Dunes, and Little Kobuk Sand Dunes here cover a mesmerizing 20,000 acres of area in the park.   Today, hiking through these dunes is one of the most popular activities in the Kobuk Valley National Park.   While it is visually unusual or unexpected to see sand dunes in an Arctic National Park, you also need to understand that the Arctic region gets very little rainfall every year. So, this is also a desert region.   “Sand dunes in the Arctic landscape are not what you would expect. Since most people associate sand dunes with a hot desert environment, it is a visually unusual thing to see. In fact, what most people don't realize is that the Arctic is also a desert with very low levels of rainfall.”   - Christian, a Kobuk Valley National Park Worker  Having said that, how the sand dunes came to be here, and the experience of exploring them will be a great thing to discuss in this article.   This Is How The Kobuk Valley National Park Became The Land Of Sand Dunes   https://www.instagram.com/p/BWatGdVFuis/ Much of Alaska, including the Kobuk Valley National Park, falls in the Tundra region. Tundra, the coldest of the biomes, gets only around 150 to 250 mm of rainfall and snowfall yearly1. So, the national park has less rainfall than some of the most well-known deserts in the world.   Further, the sand dunes in the Kobuk Valley are as old as the Ice Age. Now, as the mighty glaciers moved forward and made a retreat, the rocks beneath got ground. Now, the blowing wind transported the sand into the empty and ice-free Kobuk Valley. The sand dunes in the park are up to 150 feet high, and they are the biggest, high-altitude, and most importantly, “active sand fields”  in the earth.   In The Land Of The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes  https://www.instagram.com/p/BgmZYDdAA_r/ Are you in the Sahara? No, you are around 35 miles above the Arctic Circle and still find the largest active sand dune field in the world. Today, it is a popular backpacking, hiking, and camping destination in the National Park. You must attend the Northwest Arctic Heritage Center to learn more about the outdoor pursuits in the land of sand dunes.  Let’s quickly look at why the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes is a preferred destination for camping, hiking, and backpacking.  The sand is steady enough for the landing of an aircraft with wheels.  You can put up your tent on any level surface.  Also, you can hike in any direction.  Further, you can board a float plane and reach the Kobuk River. From there, you can take a backpacking tour for around two miles and reach the dunes.  You must visit the Kotzebue Visitor Center if you have plans to take this backpacking journey to and from the Kobuk River.   There is no marked route for hiking.  In summer, the temperature in the sand dunes can reach up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Also, fall is the season to see caribou migration here.   However, there’s more to it! Let’s learn about the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes as relics of the Ice Age and how life thrived here.   Great Kobuk Sand Dunes: The Relics Of The Ice Age   https://www.instagram.com/p/BYwfdMYlr-0/ To know about the formation of the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, we must go back to the Ice Age. Around 28000 years ago, glaciers in the mountains formed. I have already discussed how the glaciers ground the rocks and wind deposited them in the Kobuk Valley.   Further, approximately 14000 years ago, the glaciers made a massive retreat. As a result, there were 200,000 acres of sandy land formation on the river banks. Complex holocene activities and geomorphic preservations keep the sand dune field at the Kobuk Valley National Park active or alive. Along with the Kobuk Valley, small lakes in the park have also accumulated sand over thousands of years.   However, most of the landscape today is occupied by the vegetation of the national park, and the sand dune area consists of only 20,000 acres. The vegetation found here consists of the following varieties.  Wild rye  Grasses  Sedges  Kobuk locoweed  Wildflowers blooming occasionally  These species grow on the shifting sand, and they function as stabilizing agents. You can see shrubs, lichens, mosses, and algae following this vegetation. Finally, there are spruce, birch, and aspen trees covering the landscape.    The slopes of the Kobuk Valley sand dunes are the only place where Kobuk locoweeds grow. These plants belong to the pea family, and they are known for their purple flowers. If you want to see these flowers, you must visit the park in late June and July.   The inland dune field of Kobuk Valley National Park is surrounded by boreal forest.   Humans And Wildlife In The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes  https://www.instagram.com/p/Cv0EhpdLsJ5/ It’s amazing to see the Western Arctic Caribou walking through the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes. Fall and spring are the migration seasons for these animals. The north of Brook Range is the caribou herd’s calving ground, and they migrate to and from this place.   As the caribou herds pass through the sand dunes, their footprints remain in the ground for the longest time. According to National Park Service data, around 250,000 caribou pass through this national park annually.   No wonder that the Kobuk Valley National Park is one of the “last great migrations” remaining in the world. The table below gives you a brief idea about the animals and birds in the sand dunes.  Birds Sharp-shinned Hawk Golden Eagle Bald Eagle American Wigeon Northern Pintail Rough-legged Hawk Marsh Hawk Mammals Caribou Wolverine Muskox Snowshoe Hare Moose Gray Wolf Grizzly Bear Beaver Arctic Fox American Pine Marten Amphibians Wood Frog Fish Longnose Sucker Salmon* Northern Pike Alaska Blackfish Alaska Whitefish Humpback Whitefish Alaskan Stickleback Ninespine Stickleback  Human history in the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes is at least 8000 years old. They lived by the Kobuk River and were mainly focused on fishing, hunting, and trapping for survival. It is fascinating to visit the thousand-year-old hunting camps on the edges of the sand dunes.  The golden and shifting Great Kobuk Sand Dunes are located a few miles away from the Kobuk River. Further, the sand dunes soar up to 100 miles in the air.   Kobuk Valley National Park Is Also The Land Of Iñupiaq Subsistence  https://www.instagram.com/p/BWdjyOBl_Lw/ Human life, which started in the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes 8000 years ago, is still thriving with the mantra of subsistence. The Iñupiaq people here use the available natural resources to fulfil their physical needs and safeguard their spiritual and cultural requirements.   For example, they depend on caribou and salmon to feed themselves and their dogs. At the same time, caribou skin hide is extensively used to make parka jackets to combat Arctic winter. They also make mukluks or boots using reindeer skin to walk through the snow.   Further, the local people made baskets using birch and willow. Moreover, in darkness, caribou tallow or seal oil were the only ingredients to light up their stone lamps.   Irrespective of the trade with the coastal communities, the “customary, traditional and non-commercial” use of natural resources is still important in the park.   Iñupiat Ilitqusiat And Respecting The Ecosystem   https://www.instagram.com/p/CzjboNfsc4Y/ Aboriginal people in the Kobuk Valley National Park are committed to passing on their values from generation to generation. The Iñupiat Ilitqusiat value asks them to transfer the knowledge and skill of hunting and everything about life.  In addition, this transfer of knowledge helps to make the most of various seasons and subsistence opportunities. For example, the caribou season comes to this park after the salmon season.   Earlier, Noatak Valley was the destination for these people during the caribou season, and even today, some families move to Noatak Valley. Again, summer camping around the Kobuk River is common for fishing, especially catching salmon and whitefish.   Summer is also the season for harvesting berries and wild greens for the local people.  If you want to learn about the local people and their values, you must be respectful and understand their seasonal activities as a part of their subsistence practices.   Overall, the Kobuk Valley National Park is not just a place to see sand dunes and wildlife. It is a tapestry of human lives depending on nature.   Things To Know Before You Visit The Kobuk Valley National Park   For me, the sand dunes and Iñupiaq subsistence practices are the most fascinating things in the Kobuk Valley National Park. However, keep the following information handy if you are to pay a visit anytime soon.   Mode of Transport: Authorized air taxis from Kotzebue or Bettles  Visitor Center: Northwest Arctic Heritage Center  Entrance Fee: Free  Permits Required:  Commercial Use Authorization or CUA for commercial activities, Research Permits, Filming and Photography Permits  Activities to Do: Boating, fishing, camping and backpacking, hiking, flight-seeing and exploring nearby attractions  Best Time to Visit: June to July   Area: 1,750,000 Acres  Established: 2nd December, 1980  Number of Visitors: 17,616 (2023) (National Park Service Data)  Snowfall, downpours, and extreme weather conditions can occur in any season of the year. So, follow the instructions shared at the visitor center and keep your gear ready for survival!